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Section One: Listening Comprehension

Part A

1.  (A) She has had the man's calculator since

Thursday.

2. The man's calculator is broken.
3. The man may use her calculator.
4. She'll return the man's calculator on
   Thursday.

2. (A) Buy a different kind of medicine.

2. See a doctor.
3. Take a second pill.
4. Avoid taking any medication.

3. (A) He'll go running after his study group

meeting.

2. He doesn't agree with the woman
   about the weather.
3. He doesn't like to go running.
4. He'll go with the woman this
   afternoon.

4. (A) Another friend commented on his

haircut too.

2. The woman has mistaken him for
   another person.
3. He decided to try a new barbershop.
4. A different person cut his hair this
   time.

5. (A) The man shouldn't be surprised at how

busy he is.

2. The man should leave more time for
   his studies.
3. The man should try to find a different
   job.
4. The bookstore will be hiring more
   people.

6.  (A) The woman should get more sleep.

2. The woman may be sicker than she
   realizes.
3. He isn't sick.
4. He doesn't think the woman is sick.

7. (A) The art museum isn't open today.

2. The number 42 bus doesn't run on
   Mondays.
3. The man should wait for the number'
   42 bus.
4. She has never taken the bus to the art
   museum.

8.  (A) The man should buy a jacket instead

of a suit.

2. The green jacket doesn't fit as well as
   the blue one.
3. The style of clothing is more
   important than the color.
4. The man looks better in blue.

9. (A) The woman will get to her class on

time.

2. The woman should go to a different
   counter.
3. He doesn't like sandwiches very
   much.
4. He's having trouble deciding what to
   eat.

10.  (A) Her sister's train is late.

2. Her sister will visit in three months.
3. She'll have to leave without her
   sister.
4. She's eager to see her sister.

11.  (A) She's pleased they were invited.

2. Susan gave them the wrong
   directions.
3. They'll probably be late for dinner.
4. Susan's house is probably nearby.

12. (A) Buy some orange juice for the woman.

2. Borrow some money from the
   woman.
3. Drive the woman to the store.
4. Pay back money the woman lent
   him.

13. (A) She hasn't worn the dress in a long time.

2. She doesn't like the dress very much.
3. She intends to give the dress to her
   sister.
4. She doesn't remember where her
   sister bought the dress.

14.  (A) She never cleans the apartment.

2. She's doing a report with her
   roommate.
3. She's too busy to clean the
   apartment.
4. She doesn't like sharing an
   apartment.

15.  (A) He'll try to finish the novel tonight.

2. He liked the novel very much.
3. He doesn't remember where he put
   the novel.
4. He's looking forward to the next
   literature assignment.

16.  (A) He doesn't like to wake up early in

the morning.

2. The woman seems unusually sad.
3. There's no special reason for his
   good mood.
4. He wasn't in a good mood when he
   woke up.

17.  (A) Get a ride to the station with the

woman.

2. Take the woman to the station.
3. Borrow the woman's car to go to the
   station.
4. Drive his car instead of taking the
   train.

18.  (A) Review the assignment by himself.

2. Wait a few minutes before trying to
   phone John again.
3. Ask one of John's housemates about
   the assignment.
4. Go over to John's house.

19.  (A) He won't vote for the woman.

2. He may also run for class president.
3. The woman already asked him for
   his vote.
4. The woman should ask his
   roommate to vote for her.

20.  (A) She isn't sure that the author's ideas

would work.

2. The author isn't an expert in
   economics.
3. She has a better theory about the
   economy.
4. The author spends too much time
   arguing about details.

21.  (A) She doesn't agree with the man.

2. The man doesn't need an official
   grade report.
3. Official copies of grades used to be
   cheaper.
4. The man should go to a different
   office.

22.  (A) Take her bicycle to the repair shop.

2. Leave her bicycle outside.
3. Go to work when it stops raining.
4. Check to make sure the garage is
   dry.

23.  (A) Others should hear about the man's

accomplishment.

2. The man should avoid talking about
   his accomplishment.
3. The man's parents helped him gel
   the scholarship.
4. The man's parents already told her
   about his scholarship.

24.  (A) The course is too difficult,

2. The professor changed his mind.
3. The final exam was cancelled.
4. The woman misunderstood the
   professor.

25.  (A) The coffee used to taste better.

2. He's surprised that the woman drinks
   coffee.
3. He'd rather drink something other
   than coffee.
4. The coffee tastes the same as before.

26.  (A) Come back later in the day.

2. Join the staff meeting. .
3. Wait for the pool to open.
4. Wait for the competition to begin.

27.  (A) He'd like to go to the theater Friday

night.

2. He already has a ticket for the
   Friday night performance.
3. He doesn't think he can exchange his
   ticket.
4. He rarely goes to the movies.

28.  (A) She took a history class last year.

2. She doesn't trust the man's opinion.
3. She probably won't take any history
   classes.
4. She didn't like her sociology
   professor.

29,  (A) The other job wouldn't have paid for

her tuition.

2. The woman should have taken the
   other job offer.
3. The woman should get an advanced
   degree.
4. Paid tuition is only a small benefit.

30.  (A) The man should have signed her up

for the class.

2. The man needs to pay more
   attention in class.
3. She warned the man not to take an
   early morning class.
4. She thought the chemistry class was
   difficult.

Part B

31.  (A) To return some business books.

2. To apply for a new library card.
3. To check out some books from the
   library
4. To find out where the art books are
   located.

32.  (A) The library assistant thinks he has an

overdue book.

2. The books he needs have been
   checked out by someone else.
3. The library assistant is unable to
   locate the books that he needs.
4. A library notice was sent to him at
   his previous address.

33. (A) To explain why he had difficulty finding the library.

2. To explain why he couldn't have
   borrowed library books in June.
3. To explain why he doesn't yet have a
   library card,
4. To explain why he needs assistance
   in locating a book.

 34. (A) The man has mistakenly received someone else's books.

2. The man changed his major from art
   to business.
3. The man recently moved off campus.
4. There are two students named
   Robert Smith.

35. (A) See if he is related to any of the students.

2. Apply for a job as a library assistant.
3. Use his middle name.
4. Use a different library.

36.  (A) Its similarities to previous

architecture.

2. Its impressive and distinctive
   features.
3. Methods used in its construction.
4. How it was preserved for later
   generations.

37.  (A) Public market days.

2. Races and sporting events.
3. Processions of priests.
4. Speeches by politicians.

38. (A) It was removed by an invading army.

2. It broke off when part of the hall
   collapsed.
3. It was cut away to let banners pass
   through the entrance.
4. It was later used in building another
   temple.

39.  (A) Its lighting.

2. Its sound quality.
3. Its air circulation.
4. Its stability in an earthquake.

Part C

40.  (A) The relationship between physics

and philosophy.

2. Ancient Greek beliefs about matter
   and motion.
3. The effects of Aristotle's philosophy
   on current theories of physics.
4. Aristotle's use of fire in scientific
   experiments.

41.  (A) Earth.

2. Water.
3. Air.
4. Fire.

42.  (A) Pulling and pushing motions.

2. Throwing motions.
3. Planetary motions.
4. Natural downward or upward
   motions.

43.  (A) It's pushed away from Earth by fire.

2. It's trying to return to its natural
   resting place.
3. It's attracted to other planets.
4. Its main substance is water.

44.  (A) To solicit volunteers for Turtle

Watch.

2. To give an assignment to a biology
   class.
3. To warn students not to hurt green
   turtles.
4. To describe the nesting and hatching
   activities of the green turtle.

45.  (A) The lights attract predators.

2. They need to save electricity.
3. The baby turtles are attracted to
   light.
4. The volunteers use lights for signals.

46.  (A) Write a report about their activities.

2. Attend make-up classes with Dr.
   Webster.
3. Help find turtle eggs before they
   hatch.
4. Spend two hours working for the
   project.

47.  (A) How people in rural areas preserved

food.

2. The construction of icehouses.
3. An important industry in the
   nineteenth century.
4. How improvements in transportation
   affected industry.

48.  (A) Modem technology for the kitchen.

2. Improved transportation systems.
3. Industrial use of streams and rivers.
      (D) Increased temperatures in many

areas.

49.  (A) Only wealthy families had them.

(B)  They were important to the ice
industry.

3. They were built mostly on the east
          coast.
4. They are no longer in common use.

50.  (A) To keep train engines cool.

2. To preserve perishable food.
3. To store ice while it was being
   transported.
4. To lift blocks of ice from frozen
   lakes and ponds.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1.  The role of the ear is............. acoustic

disturbances into neural signals suitable for transmission to the brain.

1. to code
2. so that coded
   (C) coded

(D) it coding

2. The imagist movement in poetry arose
during the second decade of the twentieth
century........... against romanticism,

1. when a revolt
2. as a revolt
3. a revolt was
4. that a revolt

3.  Virtually.......... species have biological

clocks that regulate their metabolism over a 24-hour period.

1. all there are
2. all
3. all are
4. they all

4. According to United States criminal law,
insanity may relieve a person from the
usual legal consequences ...............

1. what his or her acts have
2. of his or her acts are
3. of his or her acts
4. what of his or her acts

5. In addition to---------- a place where

business deals are made, a stock exchange collects statistics, publishes price quotations, and sets rules and standards for trading.

1. being
2. it is
3. that which
4. where is

6.  The first inhabitants of the territories

........ Canada came across the Bering

Strait and along the edge of the Arctic ice.

1. make up that now
2. make up now that
       (C) that make up now

(D) that now make up

7.  ------- need for new schools following the

Second World War that provided the sustained thrust for the architectural program in Columbus, Indiana.

1. Since the
2. To be the
3. The
4. It was the

8. The soybean contains vitamins, essential

minerals,........... high percentage of

protein.

(A) a

(B) and a

3. since a
4. of which a

9. Hail is formed when a drop of rain is
carried by an updraft to an altitude where
          to freeze it.

1. is the air cold enough
2. the air cold enough
3. the cold enough air
4. the air is cold enough

10.  Geometrically, the hyperbolic functions

are related to the hyperbola,.............. the

trigonometric functions are related to the circle.

1. just as
2. same
3. similar to
4. and similar

11.   ........ , Kilauea is one of the world's most

active volcanoes, having erupted dozens of times since 1952.

1. The big island of Hawaii's location
2. Locates the big island of Hawaii
3. Located on the big island of Hawaii
4. On the big island of Hawaii's
   location

12. Not until the eighteenth century-------------

the complex chemistry of metallurgy

1. when scientists began to appreciate
2. did scientists begin to appreciate
3. scientists who were beginning to
   appreciate
4. the appreciation of scientists began

13............ 1810, water-powered textile

manufacturing arrived in New Hampshire with the founding of a company in Manchester that manufactured cotton and wool.

1. Early
2. In the early
3. As early as
4. When early

14.  The settings of Eudora Welty's stories

may be rather limited, but.................. about

human nature is quite broad.

1. exposes
2. exposes that
3. she exposes
4. what she exposes

15. Lichens grow extremely well in very plants can cold parts of the world survive.

1. where few other
2. few others
3. where do few others
4. there are few others

16．The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the

                   A                 B                C        D

apple.

17．In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the

    A               B                       C                   D

perihelion.

18．In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of

A        B             C

classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States.

                                              D

19．The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports,

                                     A

particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the

   B                                       C                     D

British empire.

20．Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention

A                B                C

of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.

            D    

21．The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a

     A                               B           C

parent or parents.

         D

22．Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of

                                                     A                        B           C

white, black, or brown.

            D

23．There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their

               A                                    B

total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.

                     C      D

24．Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut

      A                       B

is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.

  C           D

25．Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat

        A                            B                      C

as well as transport.

   D

26．Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high

        A                                                 B          C

fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.

                                            D

27．Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel

A      B         C              D

on a downhill glide.

28．Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process

       A                               B              C

for making glass negatives.

    D

29．The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by

               A                   B                          C

felt-covered hammers controlled by a keyboard.

                 D

30．The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in

          A                           B    

air pressure can be sensed by the ear.

       C         D

31．The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously

A                                        B

barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.

       C              D

32．Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object,

                   A                        B

bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.

              C              D

33．Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another

        A                         B                  C             D

diamonds.

34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct,

        A                                               B

with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.

                    C         D

35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what

A                B                C

was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.

                                 D

36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but

     A                                B      C                        D

manufactured by the body.

37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure

     A                   B                      C 

of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.

                         D

38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based

      A                                        B               C

on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.

                                     D

39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert

      A                                 B                         C

water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

                           D

40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States,

A               B

has played a vital role in the nation’s history.

 C                               D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-10

One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect

 bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began

to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it

Line         was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a

(5)           fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth   is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,

(10)        surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological

theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.

One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible

(15)          and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly

(20)         nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman

(25)         primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.

1.  The passage mainly discusses which of
the following aspects of hominid
behavior?

(A) Changes in eating and dietary

practices (B) The creation of stone hunting tools

3. Social interactions at home bases
4. Methods of extracting nutritious food
   from carcasses

2. According to the passage, bringing a meal
to a location to be shared by many
individuals is

1. an activity typical of nonhuman
   primates
2. a common practice among animals
   that eat meat
3. an indication of social unity   .
4. a behavior that encourages better
   dietary habits

3.  The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest
in meaning to

1. prepared  
2. stored

   (C) distributed

(D) eaten

4.  According to paragraph 2, researchers
make copies of old stone tools in order to

1. protect the old tools from being worn
   out
2. display examples of the old tools in
   museums
3. test theories about how old tools were
   used
4. learn how to improve the design of
   modern tools

5.  In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of
the following as examples of ways in
which early stone tools were used
EXCEPT to

1. build home bases
2. obtain food
3. make weapons
4. shape wood

6.  The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest
in meaning to

1. good
2. new
3. simple
4. costly

7.  The word "them" in line 15 refers to

1. issues
2. researchers
3. tools
4. specimens

8.  The author mentions "characteristic
chippage patterns" in line 16 as an
example of

1. decorations cut into wooden objects
2. differences among tools made of
   various substances
3. impressions left on prehistoric animal
   bones
4. indications of wear on stone tools

9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in
meaning to

1. identify
2. remove
3. destroy
4. compare

10.  The word "whether" in line 26 is closest

in meaning to

(A) if

(B) how

3. why
4. when

Questions 11-20

In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the

fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in

 the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were

Line        often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was

(5)        used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.

Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood

(10)           from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

(15)              Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,

secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its

(20)            walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more

(25)       embers piled on its lid.

11.  Which of the following aspects of
domestic life in colonial North America
does the passage mainly discuss?

1. Methods of baking bread
2. Fireplace cooking
3. The use of iron kettles in a typical
   kitchen
4. The types of wood used in preparing
   meals

12.  The author mentions the fireplaces built

in the South to illustrate

1. how the materials used were similar
   to the materials used in northeastern
   fireplaces
2. that they served diverse functions
3. that they were usually larger than
   northeastern fireplaces
4. how they were safer than
   northeastern fireplaces

13.  The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest

in meaning to

1. burned
2. cut
3. enlarged
   (D)bent

14.  The word "it" in line 6 refers to

1. the stonework
2. the fireplace opening
3. the mantel tree
4. the rising column of heat

15.  According to the passage, how was food
usually cooked in a pot in the
seventeenth century?

1. By placing the pot directly into the
   fire
2. By putting the pot in the oven
3. By filling the pot with hot water
4. By hanging the pot on a pole over
   the fire

16.  The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in
meaning to

1. maintain
2. reinforce
3. manufacture
4. acquire

17.  Which of the following is mentioned in
paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a
wooden lug pole?

1. It was made of wood not readily
   available.
2. It was difficult to move or rotate.
3. It occasionally broke.
4. It became too hot to touch.

18.  It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that,
compared to other firewood, "oven
wood" produced

1. less smoke
2. more heat                               
3. fewer embers
4. lower flames

19.  According to paragraph 3, all of the
following were true of a colonial oven
EXCEPT:

1. It was used to heat the kitchen every
   day.
2. It was built as part of the main
   fireplace.
3. The smoke it generated went out
   through the main chimney.
4. It was heated with maple sticks.

20.  According to the passage, which of
the following was an advantage of a
"bake kettle"?

(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.

2. It did not need to be tightly closed.
3. It could be used in addition to or

instead of the oven.

(D)  It could be used to cook several

foods at one time.

Questions 21-29

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the

 world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of

insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also

 have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for

(5)  communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past

century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.

 For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when

 he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total

(10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only

 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well

confirmed.

A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between

 temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary

(15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness

 within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed,

comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still

 mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike

 comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation

 (20)phase.

In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical

decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;

 little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make

 up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that

(25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be

minimized.

21.   Which aspect of butterflies does the
passage mainly discuss?

1. Their physical characteristics
2. Their names
3.  Their adaptation to different habitats
4. Their variety

22.  The word "consequence" in line 2 is
closest in meaning to

1. result
2. explanation
3. analysis
4. requirement

23.  Butterflies are a good example for
communicating information about
conservation issues because they

1. are simple in structure
2. are viewed positively by people
3. have been given scientific names
4. are found mainly in temperate
   climates

24.  The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in

meaning to

1. physical
2. confusing
3. noticeable
4. successful

25. The word "exceed" in line 10 is closest
in meaning to

1. locate
2. allow
3. go beyond
4. come close to

26. All of the following are mentioned as
being important parts of a general theory
of diversity EXCEPT

1. differences between temperate and
   tropical zones
2. patterns of distribution of species in
   each region
3. migration among temperate and
   tropical zones
4. variation of patterns of distribution
   of species among different animals
   and plants

27. The author mentions tropical Asia in

lines 17-18 as an example of a location

where

1. butterfly behavior varies with
   climate
2. a general theory of butterfly
   diversity has not yet been firmly
   established
3. butterflies are affected by human
   populations
4. documenting plant species is more
   difficult than documenting butterfly
   species

28.  Which of the following is NOT well
understood by biologists?

1. European butterfly habitats
2. Differences in species richness
   between temperate and tropical
   regions
3. Differences in species richness
   within a temperate or a tropical
   region
4. Comparisons of behavior patterns of
   butterflies and certain animal groups

29.  The word "generated" in line 25 is
closest in meaning to

1. requested
2. caused
3. assisted
4. estimated

Questions 30-40

According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution

Line       (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.

(5)          Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living  were  low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.

(10)               In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move

from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the

(15)       idea was popular with workers.

The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in

(20)        the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not

immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work

(25)        per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.

30. What does the passage mainly discuss?

1. Why people in preindustrial

societies worked few hours per week

2. Changes that have occurred in the  number of hours that people work per week
3. A comparison of the number of  hours worked per year in several industries
4. Working conditions during the

Industrial Revolution

31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the

       number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century

1. remained constant
2. decreased slightly                          
3. decreased significantly
4. increased significantly

32. The word "norm" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

1. minimum.
2. example
3. possibility
4. standard

33. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

1. in the end
2. for a brief period
3. from that time on
4. on occasion

34.  The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to

1. the 60-hour workweek
2. the reduction in the cost of
   automobiles
3. the reduction in the workweek at
   some automobile factories
4. the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse

35.  What is one reason for the change in the
length of the workweek for the average
worker in the United States during the
1930's?

1. Several people sometimes shared a
   single job.
2. Labor strikes in several countries
   influenced labor policy in the
   United States.
3. Several corporations increased the
   length of the workweek.
4. The United States government
   instituted a 35-hour workweek.

36.  Which of the following is mentioned as
one of the purposes of the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 ?

1. To discourage workers from asking
   fof increased wages
2. To establish a limit on the number of
   hours in the workweek
3. To allow employers to set the length
   of the workweek for their workers
4. To restrict trade with countries that
   had a long workweek

37.  The word "mandated" in line 18 is
closest in meaning to

1. required
2. recommended
3. eliminated
4. considered

38.  The word "immutable" in line 21 is

closest in meaning to

1. unmatched
2. irregular
3. unnecessary
4. unchangeable

39.  Which of the following is NOT
mentioned as evidence that the length of
the workweek has been declining since
the nineteenth century?

1. The half-day holiday (line 7)
2. Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
3. United States Steel and
   Westinghouse (line 14)
4. German metalworkers (line 21)

40.  According to the passage, one goal of the
Japanese government is to reduce the
average annual amount of work to

1. 1,646 hours
2. 1,800 hours
3. 1,957 hours
4. 2,088 hours

Questions 41-50

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private

Line       collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the

(5)       late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to

(10)       admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.

The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most

(15)       Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.

(20)              In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of

handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts

(25)       design is nature.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,

(30)       the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.

41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?

1. Their naturalistic themes
2. Their importance in museum
   collections
3. Their British origin
4. Their role in an industrialized
   society

42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be

      (A) defenders of moral standards

2. creators of cheap merchandise
3. skilled workers
4. artists

43.  It can be inferred from the passage that
the Arts and Crafts Movement would
have considered ail of the following to
be artists EXCEPT

1. creators of textile designs
2. people who produce handmade glass
   objects
3. operators of machines that
   automatically cut legs, for furniture
4. metalworkers who create unique
   pieces of jewelry

44.  The word "revered" in line 14 is closest

in meaning to

1. respected
2. described
3. avoided
4. created

45.  According to paragraph 2, the
handcrafted objects in the homes of
middle- and working-class families
usually were

1. made by members of the family
2. the least expensive objects in their
   homes
3. regarded as being morally uplifting
4. thought to symbolize progress

46.  The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest
in meaning to

1. exposed
2. praised
3. believed
4. accepted

47.  The author mentions all of the following
as attributes of handcrafted objects
EXCEPT

1. the pride with which they were
   crafted
2. the complexity of their design
3. the long time that they lasted
4. the quality of their materials

48.  The word "consistent" in line 24 is
closest in meaning to

1. conservative
2. considerable
3. constant
4. concrete

49.  According to the passage, which of the
following changes occurred at the same
time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?

1. The creation of brighter and more
   airy spaces inside homes
2. The rejection of art that depicted
   nature in a realistic manner
3. A decline of interest in art museum
   collections
4. An increase in the buying of
   imported art objects

50.  Which of the following statements is
supported by the passage?

1. Private collectors in the nineteenth
   century concentrated on acquiring
   paintings.
2. The Arts and Crafts Movement in
   the United States, unlike the one in
   Britain, did not react strongly
   against mechanized processes.
3. Handcrafted objects in the United
   States and Britain in the nineteenth
   century did not use geometric
   designs.
4. The Arts and Crafts Movement
   believed in the beneficial effect for
   people from being surrounded by
   beautiful objects.