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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 12 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) He has just recovered from the flu.

(B) He won’t be able to go to the play.

(D) He has already seen the play.

2. (A) Share the place he’s renting.

(B) Avoid living near the campus.

(D) Find an apartment soon.

3. (A) He wants to meet the woman after his

Spanish class.

(B) The woman should borrow someone else’s

workbook.

(D) The woman needs to return the workbook

before the class.

4. (A) She didn’t know Dr. Turner’s lecture would

be so interesting.

(B) She didn’t expect to have a quiz today.

(D) The man should have prepared for the class.

5. (A) There are different kinds of folders.

(B) This decision requires careful thought.

(D) The color should suggest the content.

6. (A) She prepares her students well.

(B) She used to teach graduate courses.

chemistry.

(D) Her students rarely attend graduate school.

7. (A) He decided not to sell the piano.

(B) He’s looking for a place to store the piano.

(D) He hasn’t been able to find an inexpensive

piano yet.

8. (A) Tennis players often injure their backs.

(B) She hadn’t heard about the man’s problem.

(D) She’ll check the man’s schedule as soon as

possible.

9. (A) He already knew about the problem.

(B) Someone has started fixing the washing

machine.

machine today.

(D) There’s nothing wrong with the washing

machine.

10. (A) It won’t take long to get to the station.

(B) It’ll be easy for him to give the woman a

ride to the station.

(D) He’s picking someone up from the station.

11. (A) I’ll out an application from.

(B) Apply for a different position.

(D) Show her the advertisement from the

newspaper.

12. (A) Go with her to the airport.

(B) Talk to her for a short time.

(D) Make the phone call now.

13. (A) He can give the woman directions to

Chicago.

(B) He can drive the woman to Chicago.

(D) He can take the woman to the bookstore.

14. (A) He didn’t show his paintings at the exhibit.

(B) He didn’t see the paintings.

(D) The exhibit was canceled.

15. (A) She has canceled her trip to lowa.

(B) The snowstorm is getting weaker.

(D) They also may get a lot of snow.

16. (A) She needs more time to get ready for the

dinner.

(B) She thought the dinner was at another

time.

dinner.

(D) She won’t be able to go to dinner.

17. (A) Take the class this semester.

(B) Get permission to take the class.

(D) Register for the class next semester.

18. (A) He doesn’t like his new eyeglass frames.

(B) He didn’t get a haircut.

(D) Several people have asked him about his

new eyeglass frames.

19. (A) The grades have been calculated

correctly.

(B) The woman will get the grade she

deserves.

grades.

(D) The woman’s grade can’t be changed.

20. (A) She left the lecture for a few minutes.

(B) She was reading doing the lecture.

(D) She misunderstood the speaker’s last

points.

21. (A) The man hasn’t seen Joan recently.

(B) The man plans to call Joan soon.

book.

(D) Joan gave the book to the man.

22. (A) Why she should tell her students about

her plans.

(B) What he plans to do when he’s on

sabbatical.

semester.

(D) Why her students probably weren’t

surprised by her announcement.

23. (A) Put a little more pepper in the stew.

(B) Taste the stew to see if it needs paper.

correctly.

(D) Serve the stew as it is.

24. (A) She wants to know where Tom heard the

stories.

(B) She’s surprised Tom was so serious last

night.

(D) The stories probably weren’t true.

25. (A) He plans to sell the books to a collector.

(B) He won’t sell the books until he has read

them.

money.

(D) The woman can borrow any of the books

if she wants to.

26. (A) Leave with the man.

(B) Get ready to leave for the weekend.

(D) Meet the man later.

27. (A) The man is upset that the wasn’t invited to

the party.

(B) The man and the woman live in different

buildings.

expected they would be.

(D) The woman hadn’t intended to serve food

and beverages at the party.

28. (A) Mary hadn’t planned to attend the

seminar.

(B) Mary has been ill for several weeks.

(D) Mary wasn’t able to attend the seminar.

29. (A) Do more research before they meet.

(B) Meet several days before the presentation.

(D) Try to solve the problems before they

meet.

30. (A) She’ll talk to Judy about the problem.

(B) She may not be available later to help the

man.

problem.

(D) The man will be able to solve the problem

himself.

31. (A) Places the man has visited.

(B) A paper the woman is writing for a class.

(D) The woman’s plans for the summer.

32. (A) She has never been to Gettysburg.

(B) She took a political science course.

(D) She’s interested in the United States Civil

War.

33. (A) Why her parents wanted to go to

Gettysburg.

(B) Why her family’s vacation plans changed

ten years ago.

years ago.

(D) When her family went on their last

vacation.

34. (A) It’s far from where she lives.

(B) Her family went there without her.

(D) She’s excited about going there.

35. (A) A catalog mailed to the man.

(B) The woman’s catalog order.

(D) A comparison of two kinds of catalogs.

36. (A) She wants to learn about Richard Sears.

(B) She is helping the man with his

assignment.

(D) She wants to order some textbooks.

37. (A) Teachers.

(B) Farmers.

(D) Laborers.

38. (A) As textbooks.

(B) As fuel.

(D) As art.

39. (A) Taxes on factory goods rose.

(B) Some people lost their farms.

(D) some families lost their businesses.

40. (A) Problems with pesticides.

(B) Characteristics of one type of falcon.

(D) Tracking systems for animals.

41. (A) It flying speed.

(B) Its keen hearing.

(D) Its aggressiveness.

42. (A) By radar.

(B) By airplane.

(D) By satellite.

43. (A) The types of instruments used in bebop

music.

(B) The social setting in which bebop music

developed.

each other

(D) The influence of bebop music on the

United States economy during the 1940’s.

44. (A) They didn’t use singers.

(B) They gave free concerts.

(D) They shortened the length of their

performances.

45. (A) To discuss one way it impacted jazz music.

(B) To explain why the government reduced

some taxes.

music.

(D) To discuss the popularity of certain jazz

bands.

46. (A) The music contained strong political

messages.

(B) The music had a steady beat that people

could dance to.

(D) The music contained irregular types of

rhythms.

47. (A) The increase in beachfront property value.

(B) An experimental engineering project.

(D) How to build seawalls.

48. (A) To protect beachfront property.

(B) To reduce the traffic on beach roads.

(D) To define property limits.

49. (A) By sending water directly back to sea with

great force.

(B) By reducing wave energy.

(D) By stabilizing beachfront construction.

50. (A) Protect roads along the shore.

(B) Build on beaches with seawalls.

(D) Stop building seawalls.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. The giant ragweed, or buffalo weed, grows ---.

(A) 18 feet up to high

(B) to high 18 feet up

(D) 18 feet high up to

2. Neptune is --- any planet except Pluto.

(A) to be far from the Sun

(B) far from the Sun being

(D) farther from the Sun than

3. Since prehistoric times, artists have arranged

paint on surfaces in ways --- their ideas about

people and the world.

(A) express

(B) that their expression of

(D) that express

4. Except for certain microorganisms, --- need

oxygen to survive.

(A) of all living things

(B) all living things

(D) are all living things

5. Dubbing is used in filmmaking --- a new sound

track to a motion picture.

(A) which to add

(B) to add

(D) to add while

6. --- of green lumber may come from moisture in

the wood.

(A) More weight than half

(B) Of the weight, more than half

(D) More than half of the weight

7. Archaeologists study ---- to trace ancient trade

routes because such tools are relatively rare, and

each occurrence has a slightly different chemical

composition.

(A) which obsidian tools

(B) obsidian tools

(D) obsidian tools are

8. ---- the hamster’s basic diet is vegetarian, some

hamsters also eat insects.

(A) Despite

(B) Although

(D) Consequently

9. The Navajo Indians of the southwestern United

States --- for their sand painting, also called dry

painting.

(A) noted

(B) are noted

(D) have noted

10. In 1784, the leaders of what would later

become the state of Virginia gave up --- to the

territory that later became five different

Midwestern states.

(A) any claim

(B) when the claim

(D) would claim

11. ---- one after another, parallel computers

perform groups of operations at the same time.

(A) Conventional computers, by handling tasks

(B) Since tasks being handled by conventional

computers

tasks

(D) While tasks handled by conventional

computers

12. The Liberty Bell, formerly housed in

Independence Hall, --- in Philadelphia, was

moved to a separate glass pavilion in 1976.

(A) which a historic building

(B) a historic building which

(D) a historic building

13. Fossils, traces of dead organisms found in the

rocks of Earth’s crust, reveal --- at the time the

rocks were formed.

(A) what was like

(B) was like life

(D) life was like

14. Although the huge ice masses ---- glaciers

move slowly, they are a powerful erosive force

in nature.

(A) call them

(B) are called

(D) called

15. The soybean contains vitamins, essential

minerals, --- high percentage of protein.

(A) a

(B) and a

(D) of which a

16. A gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism during its

A B C D

lifetime.

17. The flowering of African American talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in New York City

A B C

became to know as the Harlem Renaissance.

18. The symptoms of pneumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathing difficult, and

A B C D

coughing.

19. The rapid grow of Boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx of

A B C

European immigrants.

20. In 1908 Olive Campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southern Appalachian

A B C

mountains near hers home.

21.The thirteen stripes of the United States flag represent the original thirteen states of the Union, which

A B C

they all were once colonies of Britain.

22. In 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of Indiana lived rural areas, with only a few cities having a

A B C

population exceeding 10,000.

23.Gravitation keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and the planets other of the solar system in orbit

A B C D

around the Sun.

24. Photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass

A B C D

negatives.

25. After flax is washed, dry, beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.

A B C D

26. A fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’s temperature.

A B C D

27. Because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the United Sates do almost as much

A B

business in November and December as they do in the other ten months combined.

C D

28.The United States National Labor Relations Board is authorized to investigation allegations of unfair

A B

labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.

C D

29.The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers of people from

A B C

Ireland to immigrate to the United States.

30.The particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing, as new ones are added while others

A B

are taking away by moving air.

C D

31.Political parties in the United States help to coordinate the campaigns of their members and organizes A B C

the statewide and national conventions that mark election years.

32.The lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than monkey’s and apes.

A B C D

33.Chese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and the character of

A B C D

the cuting.

34.The carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbon

A B

electrodes with a high-current are passing between it.

C D

35. At first the poems of E.E. Cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation and

A B

typography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.

C D

36.The mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists, is

A B C

extraordinary complicated.

37.While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used

A B

to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.

C D

38.The globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago, and records of its

A B C

cultivation date from fifteenth century.

39. Humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animals also

A B C

have considerably problem-solving abilities.

40. Many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants, while others

A B C

have little, if any, toxicity.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-10

In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged

in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.

People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated

Line in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle

5) or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle

makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family

Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the

United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several

10） economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially

coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American

continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the

First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the

United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped

15）build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked

important trade centers essential to industrial growth.

Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial

unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with

farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks,

20) increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were

pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions

such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work

that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than

labor-intensive.

25） The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work

was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft

workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from

start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and

more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at

less expense.

1.What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The transition from an agricultural to an

industrial economy

(B) The inventions that transformed life in the

nineteenth century

factories

(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth

century

2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of

artisans who

(A) maintained their businesses at home

(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated

technology

(D) would employ only family members

3. The phrase “hinged on” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) recovered from

(B) depended on

(D) contributed to

4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in the United States before 1914?

(A)The availability of natural resources found only in the United States

(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting

from technological advances

other forms of transportation

(D) The availability of a large immigrant work

force

5. The word “lured” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracted

(B) assigned

(D) attached

6. The word “Others” in line 20 refers to other

(A) adults

(B) promises

(D) social opportunities

7.The word “expendable” in line 21 is closest in

meaning to

(A) nonproductive

(B) unacceptable

(D) unprofitable

8. It can be inferred from the passage that

industrialization affected farming in that

industrialization

(A) increased the price of farm products

(B) limited the need for new farm machinery

(D) reduced the number of people willing to do

farm work

9.What does the author mean when stating that

certain inventions made farming

“capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive”

(lines 23-24)?

(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new

machines.

(B) Mechanized farming required more capital

and fewer laborers.

farming activities.

(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much

work as the first machines.

10. According to the passage, factory workers

differed from craft workers in that factory

workers

(A) were required to be more creative

(B) worked extensively with raw materials

(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished

product only

Question 11-20

Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird’s annual life cycle.

Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird’s

Feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and

Line upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that

5) are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new

feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt

can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen:

incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.

10) Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately

one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems

listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary

forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the

time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when

15) the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful.

This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the

Exuberant choruses of spring.

Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species,

for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain

20) balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before

shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary

feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both

weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

11.The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding

(B) bird feathers differ from species

(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

12.The word “Notwithstanding” in line 2 is closest

in meaning to

(A) despite

(B) because of

(D) regarding

13.The word “intricate” in line 2 is closest in

meaning to

(A) regular

(B) complex

(D) important

14.The word “random” in line 12 is closest in

meaning to

(A) unfortunate

(B) unusual

(D) unpredictable

15.The word “optimal” in line 13 is closest in

meaning to

(A) slow

(B) frequent

(D) early

16.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a

reason that songbirds molt in the late

summer?

(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.

(B) The weathers is still warm.

(D) Food is still available.

17. Some birds that are molting maintain balance

during flight by

(A) constantly preening and caring for their

remaining feathers

(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the

same time

compensate for lost feathers

(D) only losing one-third of their feathers

18.The word “Others” in line 21 refers to

(A) ducks

(B) sides

(D) flight feathers

19.The author discusses ducks in order to provide

an example of birds that

(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long

(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time

(D) shed their outermost feathers first

20. It can inferred from the discussion about ducks

that the molting of their flight feathers takes.

(A) a year

(B) a season

(D) a few weeks

Question 21-30

The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s

first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and

music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic

Line consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans

5) of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had

included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as

trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about

creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began

to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed,

10) and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes

toward them. Thus, thought the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its

impact on American art and culture continues to the present.

The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement.

In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited

15) by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic

movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism,

take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance

and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of

his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could

20) enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators

and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time

to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.

Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had

Been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From

25) this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical

backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was

to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic

artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and

carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.

21.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) African American paintings in the 1920’s

(B) An arts movement of the 1920’s

American art

(D) Some ways in which African culture

inspired American literature, art and music

22. According to the passage, Tomas Eakins,

Robert Henri, and George Luks were important

because of

(A) the philosophical contributions they made to

the Harlem Renaissance

(B) their development of a new style of African

American art

Americans in their paintings

(D) their independence from European artistic

traditions

23. The word “them” in line 11 refers to

(A) Americans of European descent

(B) paintings

(D) attitudes

24. According to the passage, African American

artists of the 1920’s differed from earlier

African American artists in terms of their

feelings about

(A) themselves

(B) other artists

(D) stereotypes

25.The word “urged” in line 17 is closest in

meaning to

(A) prepared

(B) defined

(D) encouraged

26. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be

important to the African American artistic

movement EXCEPT

(A) pride in African art

(B) cultural pluralism

(D) withdrawal from American culture

27. In mentioning “the pulse and beat” (line24) of

Harlem during the 1920’s, the author is

characterizing the district as one that

(A) depended greatly on its interaction with

other parts of the city

(B) grew economically in a short period of time

(D) was in danger of losing population

28.The word “convergence” in line 25 is closest in

meaning to

(A) gathering

(B) promotion

(D) influence

29. According to the passage, all of the following

were true of Harlem in the 1920’s EXCEPT:

(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals

lived there.

(B) It attracted people from various regions of

United States.

neighborhoods in New York City.

(D) It was a unique cultural center.

30.The phrase “carried on” in line 29 is closest in

meaning to

(A) continued

(B) praised

(D) connected

Questions 31-40

Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its

Evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the

1960’s but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced

Line to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,

5) Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and

Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these

is imprinting, the carly following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young

will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place

10) during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present

during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may

imprint on it instead.

Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child

Development” the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is

15) biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably

stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether

complex congnitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.

for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation

during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language

20) is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?

Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby

applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and

its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,

grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,

25) care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure

that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and

affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants

is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep

affectional tie between parent and baby.

31.What was Darwin’s contribution to ethology?

(A) Darwin improved on the original principles

of ethology.

(B) Darwin was the professor who taught

Lorenz and Tinbergen.

ethology.

(D) Darwin was the first person to apply

ethological theory to children.

32.The word “diverse” in line 6 is closest in

meaning to

(A) small

(B) varied

(D) particular

33.The word “ensures” in line 8 is closest in

meaning to

(A) guarantees

(B) proves

(D) assumes

34. According to the passage, if a mother goose is

not present during the time period when

imprinting takes place, which of the following

will most likely occur?

(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.

(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it

matures.

(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.

35.The word “it” in line 12 refers to

(A) development

(B) goose

(D) object

36.The word “suitably” in line 15 is closest in

meaning to

(A) willingly

(B) moderately

(D) emotionally

37.The author mentions all of the following as

attachment behaviors of human infants

EXCEPT

(A) grasping

(B) crying

(D) smiling

38.According to the passage, attachment behaviors

of infants are intended to

(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs

of the infant met

(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on

objects that resemble the parent

self-stimulation

(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation

39.The phrase “affectional tie” in line 29 is closest

in meaning to

(A) cognitive development

(B) emotional attachment

(D) behavioral change

40. It can be inferred from the passage that

ethological theory assumes that

(A) to learn about human behavior only human

subjects should be studied

(B) failure to imprint has no influence on

inteligence

animals

(D) there are similarities between animal and

human behavior

Questions 41-50

There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic con.

Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history

comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of

Line the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils

5) of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.

However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably

a global ice age.

The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity

is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now

10) at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The

deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their

characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake

Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of

fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in

15) glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer

corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and

the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is

not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly

glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large

20) pebbles or “dropstones,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse

material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into

otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those

in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and

Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in

25) the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.

Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have

Been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the

Next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of

Glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the

Proterozoic con.

41.Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the Proterozoic age

(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age

(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age

42. According to the passage, the fossil record of the Proterozoic con is

(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms

(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods

(D) more useful to researchers than other aspects of the rock record

43.The word “scarce” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) ancient

(B) tiny

(D) rare

44. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that

(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations

(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time

(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers

45. The word “resemble” in line 14 is closest in

meaning to

(A) result from

(B) penetrate

(D) replace have similar origins

46. According to the passage, the layers in varves are primarily formed by

(A) fossilized bacteria

(B) pieces of ancient dropstones

(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition

47. The phrase “the other” in line 17 refers to another

(A) annual cycle

(B) glacial lake

(D) season

48. According to the passage, the presence of dropstones indicates that

(A) the glacial environment has been unusually server

(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly

(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances

49. Why does the author mention Canada, North America, Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?

(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones

(B) To explain the principles of varve formation

(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic con in different parts of the globe

50. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) fossil record (line 3)

(B) laminae (line 13)

(D) glacial episodes (line 29)

Key:

BDDBC ACCAB ADCBD DABBC DDDCC ACDBB DABDC CBADB ADBAA DCABD

CDDBB DBBBA CDCDB BDDAD DACAB BABCC CDDDB DADDA
AABDA ACDBD CABDC ABCBD BACAD DCACA CBADD CCABD CBDAC DCDCC

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