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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 18 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) He's disappointed with his interview.

(B) He had to cancel his interview.

now.

(D) He shouldn't have applied for the job.

2 . (A) Have a cookie.

(B) Make cookies with the woman.

(D) Take a cookie for his roommate.

3. (A) He felt better an hour ago,

(B) His headache should be gone in an hour,

headache.

(D) His head still hurts.

4. (A) She hasn't spoken to her friend in a long

time.

(B) She intends to visit her friend in Texas.

(D) Her friend has never been to Texas before.

5. (A) Meet at the bus stop.

(B) Finish their candy bars.

(D) Meet in front of the rest rooms.

6. (A) He won't be able to repair the briefcase.

(B) The repair shop is closed until Tuesday.

(D) The briefcase will be ready before

Tuesday.

7. (A) Find out how much work will be required

for the class.

(B) Take another class instead of creative

writing

Wednesday class.

(D) Sign up for the Wednesday class.

8. (A) He'll take his friends to Florida.

(B) He's not sure what he'll do.

(D) He'd rather not travel during spring break.

9. (A) He thinks clothing prices will decrease

even further.

(B) He's going to go shopping soon.

sales now.

(D) He wants to see what the woman bought.

10. (A) She's glad the man waited for her.

(B) She'd like to reschedule the meeting.

(D) She's sorry that she missed the meeting.

11. (A) She'11 play chess with the man this

afternoon.

(B) She doesn't know how to play chess.

(D) She'd rather not go out with the man.

12. (A) She originally proposed it.

(B) She doesn't think it's a good idea.

(D) Its success depends on the weather.

13. (A) Not all of the advertised books were on

sale.

(B) Some of the books were still packed.

enter.

(D) He had to work at the bookstore this

morning.

14. (A)She's not sure she wants to go to the party.

(B) She just returned from a visit to the

Andersons.

ride.

(D) The party isn't on Friday.

15. (A) She'll continue to use the Laundromat

near the dorms.

(B) She recently switched Laundromats.

man uses.

(D) The Laundromat near the dorms isn't

converunent for her.

16.(A) Try to change his reservations to a

different time.

(B) Travel by train instead of by plane.

(D) Cancel his travel plans.

17. (A) They should wait for him.

(B) They should go without him.

(D) They should bring him some pizza.

18. (A) The jobs have already been filled.

(B) The man should hand in his application

very soon.

(D) The man isn't qualified for any of the

jobs.

19. (A) She read only half of the book.

(B) The man should choose a different book

to read

enter.

(D) The main characters in the hook aren't

interesting.

20. (A) He can't get a room at the hotel.

(B) He didn't get the type of room he wanted.

expensive.

(D) He thought he had already made a

reservation.

21. (A) If he can help her fill out a job

application.

(B) If he knows of any job openings with his

former employer.

worked last year.

(D) If he enjoyed the job he had last summer.

22. (A) Susan might not be a member of the

debate team.

(B) Susan often wears purple shirts.

(D) He didn't notice what Susan was

wearing.

23. (A) She's rarely home.

(B) She spends a lot of time on the phone.

(D) She makes calls only when necessary.

24. (A) Visit her more often.

(B) Stop arguing in front of other people.

(D) Give her their new address.

25. (A) Give the woman more time to write her

paper.

(B) Visit the woman in the hospital.

(D) Let the woman change the topic of her

paper.

26. (A) He doesn't like wearing one.

(B) He doesn't feel professional wearing one.

(D) He doesn't want to pay for one.

27. (A) She saw a nail in the man's tire.

(B) The man shouldn't drive on the tire.

(D) She also needs air in her tires.

28. (A) She'll be on the same airplane as the man.

(B) She doesn't take very good n o t e .

(D) She can't help the man.

29. (A) The woman looks tired.

(B) He doesn't want to move.

noisy.

(D) Richardson Dormitory is boring.

30. (A) It wasn't open on Mondays.

(B) Its opening had been postponed.

(D) It didn't deserve the praise I received.

31. (A) The strength of ocean currents.

(B) The movement of sediment deep in the

ocean.

ocean processes.

(D) A new way of measuring the depth of the

ocean.

32. (A) Why the book talks about turbidity

currents.

(B) How winds can affect some ocean

currents.

(D) What a turbidity current is.

33. (A) It's cleaner.

(B) it's heavier.

(D) It moves more slowly.

34. (A) By greatly increasing the ocean's depth in

some areas.

(B) By creating large waves on the surface

of the ocean.

ocean water

(D) By crushing large amounts of stone.

35. (A) To explain how winds cause turbidity

currents.

(B) To remind the student where ocean

sediments originate.

currents.

(D) To remind the student about the next

assignment.

36. (A) To convince him to go on a canoe trip.

(B) To invite him to a cookout.

(D) To tell him about a trip she took.

37. (A) A lunch.

(B) A sleeping bag.

(D) A lent.

38. (A) Swimming.

(B) Driving.

(D) Canoeing.

39. (A) To find out whether he wants to go

canoeing.

(B) To tell him whether her car is repaired.

bringing.

(D) To tell him what time they are leaving.

40. (A) Competition in business.

(B) Government grants.

(D) International transportation practices.

41. (A) American industrialists.

(B) French economists.

(D) Civil War veterans.

42. (A) The rights of private business owners

should be protected.

(B) The government shouldn't interfere in

private business.

growth.

(D) Competition among companies should be

restricted.

43. (A) The impact of enzymes on chemical

reactions.

(B) The way the body produces enzymes.

(D) Types of chemical products created with

enzymes.

44. (A) It divides into Two different parts.

(B) It keeps the same chemical structure.

compound.

(D) It produces more of the enzyme.

45. (A) Provide extra energy to start the reaction.

(B) Raise the temperature of the chemicals.

reaction.

(D) Lower the amount of energy needed to

start the reaction.

46. (A) To show that enzymes are very effective.

(B) To point out that enzymes can sometimes

fail to work.

(D) To describe different types of enzymes.

47. (A) The relationship between painting and

sculpture.

(B) The ideas behind an artist's work.

(D) The way the eye perceives shape in

sculpture.

48. (A) It is often displayed outdoors.

(B) It does not always represent an object.

(D) It is done by relatively few artists.

49. (A) To give an example of natural shapes.

(B) To describe early sculpture.

(D) To demonstrate their role as decorative

objects.

50. (A) They are always made of stone.

(B) They are painted in bright colors.

(D) They make use of holes.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. Most geologists believe—from the remains of

tiny marine plants and animals that died

millions of years ago.

(A) what was formed petroleum

(B) that petroleum was formed

(D) petroleum that formed

2. The seat of France's North American holdings

in the eighteenth century was Quebec, and the

French heritage—dominant there.

(A) to remain

(B) remaining

(D) has remained

3. If Earth did not rotate, differences in air

pressure would be —, with winds blowing

from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.

(A) primary air flow to cause

(B) the primary cause of air flow

(D) air flow has a primary cause

4. A mobile is a sculpture constructed of pans so

delicately connected and balanced—the entire

suspended structure may be moved by

vibration or manual manipulation.

(A) in order

(B) making

(D) that

5. The ice of a glacier that reaches the sea breaks

off—.

(A) and forming icebergs

(B) to form icebergs

(D) when the formation of icebergs

6. Migraine headaches are more frequent among

women— among men.

(A) than

(B) however

(D) as air

7. South American flamingos can survive in

temperatures—above the freeing point.

(A) that fewer degrees

(B) if few degrees

(D) when fewer degrees

8. Made of hard wood, the boomerang is roughly

V-shaped, with arms— skewed

(A) of slightly

(B) are slightly

(D) that those are slightly

9. Not until the late nineteenth and early

twentieth centuries—as a unified science.

(A) did ecology emerge

(B) when ecology emerged

(D) when did ecology emerge

10. The ancient Egyptian water clock required

sophisticated calibration, since water dripped

faster from its bowl when — and the

pressure was greater.

(A) the full bowl

(B) was the bowl full

(D) the bowl was full

11. Enid, Oklahoma, —a stopping place on die

Chisholm Trail in the 1800's, is now the site

of the fourth largest wheat storage space in

the world

(A) originally

(B) which originally

(D) originally where

12. The common barn owl, one of ten species of

barn owls found in North America, is also

called the monkey-faced owl because its

heart-shaped face looks — of a monkey.

(A) like much that

(B) like that much

(D) that much like

13. All the planets in the solar system except

Mercury and Venus have natural satellites,

— objects that revolve around the planets.

(A) which

(B) which are

(D) and which

14. Some subsistence activities such as hunting

large animals or netting fish require — to

work together.

(A) goups are

(B) groups which

(D) that groups

15. The Expressionistic artist was concerned not

with the reality of the subject matter but with

— inner nature and the emotions that it

aroused

(A) it has

(B) its

(D) is it whether

16．By the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had develop new methods for the

A B C

synthesis of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.

17．The Dinee, a Native American people of the southwestern United States, were once

A B

seminomadic hunters who practiced a few agriculture.

C D

18．The earliest successful sewing machines were powered by turn a hand crank.

A B C D

19．Early signs characteristic of the acute phase of viral hepatitis in adults are abdominal

A B C

pain, nausea, and feverish often accompanied by chills.

20．The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major center for the collection

A B

and display of works of abstract art in the United State.

C D

21．With the discovery of gold in the Klondike in Canada’s Yukon Territory in 1896, people

A B

flocked soon there from all parts of the world.

C D

22．The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive, musically and

A B C

spatial ablilities.

23．A uniform mingling of molecules, which it occurs in homogeneous chemical compounds,

results from the chemical constituents melting, dissolving, or diffusing into one another.

B C D

24．Many dinosaurs were so much heavy that they spent most of their lives in swamps and

A B

shallow lakes where water could support them.

C D

25．With little nor no mass and no electric charge, neutrinos can penetrate a solid object

A B

such as the Earth as if it were not there.

C D

26．Georgia O’Keeffe is known for hers use of organic, abstract forms painted in clear,

A B C

strong colors.

27．Until the George Washington Bridge was built, modern suspension bridges were stiffened

A B

with steel trusses and beams to limited their motion in traffic and wind.

C D

28．First reported by Spanish explorers in 1796, the asphalt in California’s La Brea Tar Pit

A B

was mined commercial for many years.

C D

29．Independence political of newspapers became a common feature of journalism in the

A B C D

United States of the 1840’s and 1850’s.

30．Transistors exhibit a high amplification factor, operate without distorted over a wide

A B C

frequency range, and can be made extremely small.

31．In most cases of epilepsy, cerebral electrical activity, also known as brain waves,

demonstrates a characteristically abnormal rhythms.

B C D

32．New York City’s theatrical district was concentrated the Bowery from 1860 to 1875, and

A B

around 1900 the avenue became a center for the Yiddish theater.

C D

33．Most female lizards lay eggs, but the females of a number of lizard species bear her

A B C D

young alive.

34．Recently archaeologists have strived to develop theories, based on archaeological evident,

A B C

that explain societal changes such as the development of farming..

35． One of the most impressive cultural achievements of the United State during the 1920’s

A B

was a vastly outpouring of serious literature.

C D

36．The chemical element chlorine is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas that has sharp odor

A B C

and has 2_1/2 times heavier than air.

37．Hair grows more quickly in summer than in winter and more slowly at the night than

A B C

during the day.

38．Different fourteen crops were being grown 8,600 years ago by some of the world’s

A B C

earliest farmers.

39．Between 1905 and 1907, floodwaters from the Colorado River poured into a

A B C

salt-covered depression and creating the Salton Sea.

40．Saturn takes almost 30 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun, during Jupiter

A B

takes about twelve Earth years to complete one solar revolution.

C D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-9

Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many

that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965)

called thus the "liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds."

Line Electronic music, for example—made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and

(5) electronic instruments—may include sounds that in the past would not have been

considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated

hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical

composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic

instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic

(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.

A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once;a

pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In

the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved

percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.

(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments

that used to be couriered unconvennonal in Western music—tom-toms, bongos,

slapsticks, maracas—are widelv used.

In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of

Microtones.Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more

(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greter number of distinct tones,

or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create

sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters—closely spaced tones played

together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has

taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed

(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.

Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations,

recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and

novel ways of arranging notation on the page.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in

contemporary music

(B) How sounds are produced

electronically

beer, adapted for nontraditional sounds

(D) Several composers who have

experimented with the electronic

production of sound

2. The word "wider" in one 1 is closest in

meaning to

(A) more impressive

(B) more distinctivc

(D) more extensive

3. The passage suggests that Edgard Varese is an example of a composer who

(A) criticized eletronic music as too noiselike

(B) modified sonic of the electronic

instruments he used in his music

music

(D) wrote music with environmental themes

4. The word "it" in line 12 refers to

(A) piano

(B)string

(D) music

5. According to the passage, which of the

following types of instruments has played a

role in much of the innovation in Western

music?

(A)String

(B) Percussion

(D) Brass

6. The word "thereby" m line 20 is closest in

meaning to

(A) in return for

(B) in spite of

(D) by that means

7. According to the passage, Krzysziof

Pendereckj is known for which of the

following practices?

(A) Using tones that are clumped together

(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal

instruments

auditorium

(D) Playing Western music for non-Western

audiences

8. According to the passage, which of the

following would be considered traditional

elements of Western music?

(A) Microtones

(B) Tom-toms and bongos

(D) Hisses

9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams

as an example of a new way to

(A) chart the history of innovation in musical

notation

(B) explain the logic of standard musical

notation

(D) indicate how particular sounds should be

produced

Questions 10-19

What unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and

unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be

that they were the first group of predatory ensocial insects that both lived and foraged

Line primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers tc a form

(5) of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the

young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible

by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.

Under most circumstances groups of workers arc better able to forage for food and

defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back

(10) again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for

one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment

signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is

accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in

particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second

(15) larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish—.

for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if

each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a senes directed at any particular

object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories

typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has bees some

(20) documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes

for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.

What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are

the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals)

occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants

and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.

l0. Which of the following questions does the

passage primarily answer?

(A) How do individual ants adapt to

specialized tasks?

(B) What are the differences between social

and solitary insects?

(D) Why have ants been able to thrive for

such a long time?

11. The word "unique" in line 1 is closest in

meaning to

(A) inherited

(B) habitual

(D) natural

12. The word "rotting" in line 4 is closest in

meaning to

(A) decaying

(B) collected

(D) cultivated

13. The word "key" in line 7 is closest in

meaning to

(A) uncommon

(B) important

(D) temporary

14. According to the passage, one thing eusocial

insects can do is rapidly switch from

(A) one type of food consumption to another

(B) one environment to another

(D) a defensive to an offensive stance

15. The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in thepassage to demonstrate

(A) the advantages of specialization

(B) the type of food that larvae are fed

for adult tasks

(D) the different stages of ant development

16. The author uses the word "Hence" in line 16

to indicate

(A) a logical conclusion

(B) the next step in a senes of steps

(D) the relationship among ants

17. All of the following terms art defined in the

passage EXCEPT

(A) eusocial (line 3)

(B) series-parallel sequence (line 13)

(D) predators (line 23)

18. The word "they" in line 25 refers to

(A) termites

(B)ants

(D) predators

19. It can be inferred from the passage that one

main difference between termites and ants is

that termites

(A) live above ground

(B) are eusocial

(D) eat almost no animal substances

Questions 20-29

Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present

movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.

A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice

constals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months,

(5) the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed

together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older

snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of

snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow

cementation—a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of

(10) intergrown ice crystals—finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of

recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of

air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice.

The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or

longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers art convened

(15) into ice.

In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice

is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers,

the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is

present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.

(20) Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus

weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid

rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached,

the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that

flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates.

The up down leads to the eventual melting of ice.

20. Which of the following does the passage

mainly discuss?

(A) The effect of glaciers on climate

(B) Damage from glaciers

(D) The location of glaciers

21. Which of the following will cause density

within the glacier to increase?

(A) Increased water and air content

(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow

temperature variations

(D) Movement of the glacier

22. The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in

meaning to

(A) covered

(B) chosen

(D) held

23. Which of the following will be lost is

a glacier forms?

(A) Air

(B) Pressure

(D) Rocks

24. According to the passage, which of the

following is the LEAST amount of time

necessary for glacial ice to form?

(A) Several months

(B) Several years

(D) A century

25. The word "converted" in line 14 is closest in

meaning to

(A) changed

(B) delayed

(D) dissolved

26. What is the purpose of the material in

paragraph three (lines 16-19)

(A) To define two types of glaciers

(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier

ice

(D) To discuss the similarities between

glacial types

27. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?

(A) Only near the surface

(B) In pools a: various depths

(D) In tunnels

28. The word "it" in line 21 refers to

(A) formation

(B) ice

(D) weight

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph

that a glacier

(A) can revert to a fluffy mass

(B) maintains the same shape throuthout the

glacial process

(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or

oceans

Questions 30-39

The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceabiliy of British copyright law

in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as

publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was

difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in

(5) Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and

type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one

sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments

of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itselt to subjects of

high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer

(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a

major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing

wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors

impatient for payment

In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,

(15) catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy.

Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems,

short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally

bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a

sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require

(20) fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, costeffective

editions and sold cheaply.

By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that

had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the

publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications

(25) would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information

on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of

a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the

locale in which they would be used

30. Which aspect of colonial printing does the

passage mainly discuss?

(A) Laws governing the printing industry.

(B) Competition among printers

(D) Advances in printing technology

31.According to the passage, why did colonial

printers avoid major publishing projects?

(A) Few colonial printers owned printing

machinery tha was large enough to handle

major projects.

(B) There was inadequate shipping available

in the colonies.

for a competitive price.

(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills

necessary to undertake large publishing

projects.

32.Broadsides could be published with little risk

to colonial printers because they

(A) required a small financial investment and

sold quickly

(B) were in great demand in European markets

chapbooks and pamphlets

(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term

interest to many colonists

33.The word "they" in line 17 refers to

(A) chapbooks

(B) tales

(D) pages

34.The word "antecedent" in line 19 is closest in

meaning to

(A) predecessor

(B)format

(D) compontent

35. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by

(A) fine paper

(B) cardboard covers

(D) a large number of pages

36. Thc word "appealing" in line 22 is closest in

meaning to

(A) dependable

(B) respectable

(D) attractive

37. What were "steady sellers" (line 23) ?

(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large

(B) People who traveled from town to

town selling Books and pamphlets

Support for new printers

(D) Publications whose sales were usually

consistent from year to year

38. The word "locale" in line 28 is closest in

meaning to

(A) topic

(B) season

(D) place

39. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) "Broadsides" (line 6)

(B) "catechisms" (line 15)

(D) "Almanacs" (line 25)

Questions 40-50

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs

increased producuvity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations

in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the

average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year—30 percent over

(5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of

everyday life.

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made

goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs—even without technological

improvements—had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing

(10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a

single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe

industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands

of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of

shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens

(15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure

shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded

workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically

increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even

(20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines

and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early

as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated,

laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of

the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,

(25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it desended

into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam

engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the

nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor,

good transportation networks, and eager customers.

40. What is the passage mainly about?

(A)The difficulties of industrialization in North

America

(B)The influence of changes in manufacturing

on the growth of urban centers

North America

(D) Improved ways of organizing the

manufacturing of goods

41. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in

meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(D) discouraged

42.The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaningto

(A) value

(B) popularity

(D) diversity

43 .The author mentions the shoe industry in the

second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an

extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological

improvements to increase output

(D) changes in the outwork system improved

the quality of shoes

44. All of the following are mentioned as effects

of changes in the shoe industry during the

1820's and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence

on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen

shoemakers

the speed of production

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

45. All of the following are true of the outwork

system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used

before 1790.

they had been before.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any

technological improvements.

46.The word "prolific" in line 22 is closest in

meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(D) progressive

47. According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce

power.

(C)They did not allow flour to cool before it

was placed in Barrels.

(D)They combined technology with the

outwork system.

48.The word "it" in line 24 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(D) mill

49. The passage mentions which of the following asa result of improvements in factory machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find

workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly

skilled workers.

operate was reduced.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engin

at a time.

50. The word "eager" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(D) enthusiastic

KEY:

AADBA DDBBA BCCCA CBBCB BABBA DCDCC BDBCC ABCDC BBABD ABCAD

BDBDB ACCAD ACBCB BDCDA CCAAA ACCAB DBDCC DCADB
ADCBB DACDD CABCA ACADC BDABA ADBDC CAAAB DDDBD BCABC BBCAD

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