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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 19 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) They don’t enjoy swimming.

(B) They won’t go swimming in the lake today.

(D) They’ll swim in the lake tomorrow.

2. (A) The style of sweater she’s wearing is very

common.

(B) The man saw Jill wearing the sweater.

yesterday.

(D) She usually doesn’t borrow clothes from Jill.

3. (A) He went to see the dentist a week ago.

(B) The woman should cancel her appointment

with the dentist.

(D) The woman should have seen the dentist by

now.

4. (A) She’s planning a trip to Antarctica.

(B) She thinks attending the lecture will be

helpful to her.

(D)She has already finished writing her report.

5. (A) The woman should join the chess club.

(B) He’s not a very good chess player.

(D) He’s willing to teach the woman how to

play chess.

6. (A) Ask Alice if the man can borrow the novel.

(B) Return the novel to Alice immediately.

(D) Find out how much the novel costs.

7. (A) He has already tasted the chocolate pudding.

(B) Chocolate is his favorite flavor.

(D) There is no more chocolate pudding left.

8. (A) See the movie at a theater close by.

(B) Wait until later to see the movie.

movie.

(D) Call the Pine Street Cinema to see what

time the movie starts.

9. (A) He doesn’t know how to find the student’s

grade.

(B) He doesn’t know if Dr. Wilson has finished

grading the midterm exams.

(D) Dr. Wilson doesn’t want to be contacted

while she’s away.

10. (A) She had to wait even longer than the man

did to have her car inspected.

(B)The man should have had his car inspected

sooner.

(C)The auto inspection center will be closed at the end of the month.

(D)The man doesn’t need to have his car

inspected until next month.

11. (A) He can act as a subject in the experiment.

(B) He thinks the woman’s experiment is

difficult to understand.

(D) He’s willing to help the woman run the

experiment.

12. (A) Look for the misplaced check.

(B) Ask the bookstore for a refund.

(D) Repair his desk.

13. (A) He hadn’t heard that Karen had a new

roommate.

(B) Karen wouldn’t give specific reasons for

her feelings.

(D) Karen won’t be getting a new roommate

after all.

14. (A)The woman didn’t submit the thesis

proposal to him on time.

(B) He returned the thesis proposal to the

woman a week ago.

(D) The thesis proposal isn’t acceptable.

15. (A) It only cost $400.

(B) He bought it a year ago.

C) It has broken down.
D) It's not as bad as his last car.

16. (A) Purchase some ingredients.

(B) Give the man a recipe.

(D) Check to see if the stew is ready.

17. (A) He arrived at the theater late.

(B) He left his watch in the theater.

it actually was.

(D) He did not enjoy the production.

18. (A) He can’t understand the instructions.

(B) He doesn’t have a computer.

(D) He needs to take his computer to be repaired.

19. (A) Arrange by phone to have a bucket delivered.

(B) Deliver the papers herself.

(D) Return the bucket to the recycling department.

20. (A) She prefers her eggs fried.

(B) She never eats breakfast.

(D) She doesn’t eat a lot for breakfast.

21.(A) He doesn’t know anything about engineering.

(B) He wants the woman to postpone the talk.

presentation.

(D) He regularly gives talks to high school

students.

22. (A) He told the woman to take seven courses

this semester.

(B) He knew that the woman’s schedule would

be too difficult for her.

(D) Taking so many classes will enable the

woman to graduate early.

23. (A) He needs help repairing his truck.

(B) He doesn’t want to use his truck for the

field trip.

agrees to drive.

(D) He doesn’t think all the telescopes will fit

in his truck.

24. (A) Dr. Luby won’t be taking students to New

York this year.

(B) She doesn’t know where the man can buy

theater tickets.

(D) She’s going on a theater trip with Dr. Luby.

Elizabeth.

25. (A) The woman’s source of information is reliable.

(B) He didn’t enjoy taking history with Dr. Parker.

(D) Dr. Parker is no longer teaching history.

26. (A) The man doesn’t have air-conditioning.

(B)The man’s air conditioner is broken.

conditioner.

(D) The summer has been unusually hot.

27. (A) He has decided how he’s going to spend

the prize money.

(B) He doesn’t know how much his rent is

going to increase.

essay contest.

(D) He has already paid his landlord for next

year’s rent.

28. (A) He’ll probably postpone the test until after he talks

(B) He usually tells the students ahead of time

what will be on his tests.

class today.

(D) He might test the students on material not

discussed in class

29. (A) He has been applying only for advertised jobs.

(B) He’s convinced that there’s a shortage of jobs.

(D) He’ll help the woman find a job.

30. (A) To make plans for the evening.

(B) To ask her about the assignment.

(D) To give her some information.

31. (A) A class presentation they’re preparing.

(B) A television program the man is watching.

(C)Visiting a close fiend of theirs.

(D) Studying for a test.

(A) He’s taking a break from studying.

(B) He has already finished studying.

his professor.

(D) He’s finding out some information for a

friend.

33. (A) He didn’t know that she was enrolled in a

linear algebra course.

(B) He thought she preferred to study alone.

study with

(D) He had told her that he had done poorly on

a recent test.

34. (A) He and Elizabeth argued recently.

(B) He heard Elizabeth did poorly on the last test.

late in the evening.

(D) He’d rather study in his own dormitory.

35. (A) A more economical diesel fuel.

(B) Characteristics of a new type of fuel.

(D) How to develop alternative energy sources.

36. (A) He’s studying for a test.

(B) He lost his notes.

(D) He’s doing research on alternative.

37. (A) It will reduce the amount of pollutants in

the air.

(B) It will increase the amount of unpleasant

odors from vehicles.

(D) It will reduce the cost of running large

vehicles.

38. (A) It’s expensive to manufacture.

(B) It’s hasn’t been adequately tested.

(D) It’s dangerous to transport.

39. (A) To help him explain the information to his

roommate.

(B) To help him write a paper.

(D) To tell her if the notes are accurate.

40. (A) The life and times of an important modern

poet.

(B) How a poem’s images relate to its

meaning.

(D) The poems of Gertrude Stein.

41. (A) She’s the most famous of the modern poets.

(B) She didn’t publish any of her works in her

lifetime.

than as a poet.

(D) She began her career as a writer relatively

late in her life.

42. (A) It reflects poetic techniques that were

rejected by modern poets.

(B) It’s from a poem that the students have read.

(D) It’s an example of a statement that is

“empty” but pleasing to hear.

43. (A) Read some poems out loud.

(B) Research the life of Gertrude Stein.

the poems of John Ashbery.

(D) Write a few lines of poetry.

44. (A) Employment in the fishing and whaling

industries.

(B) Nineteenth-century sea captains.

(D) The development of the steamship.

45. (A) They were protected by a strong United

States Navy.

(B) They were supported by a well-developed

railroad

foreign ships.

(D) As part owners of the ships, captains got

some of the profits.

46. (A) They carried passengers ,but not cargo.

(B) They were large, but surprisingly fast.

steam-powered ships.

(D) They were more reliable than other ships

of the 1860’s.

47. (A) It’s now taught with the aid of computers.

(B) It isn’t considered as important today as it

was in the past.

did in the past.

(D) A lot of times is spent teaching it.

48. (A) To indicate the emphasis teachers once

placed on penmanship.

(B) To criticize a technique used to motivate

children.

(D) To suggest that teachers be recognized for

their efforts.

49. (A) How educators create a curriculum.

(B) Why some parents object to the teaching of penmanship.

curricula.

(D) The effects of rewarding good

penmanship.

50. (A) The number of hours per week that must

be spent teaching penmanship.

(B) The level of penmanship a child is

expected to have.

penmanship.

(D) The reason computers should be used to

help in the teaching of penmanship

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. From 1949 onward ,the artist Georgia O’keeffe

made New Mexico -----.

(A) her permanent residence was

(B) where her permanent residence

(D) her permanent residence

2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be

employed to explore outer space, ---- employed

to investigate the deep sea.

(A) can be robots

(B) robots can be

(D) can robots that are

3. In --- people, the areas of the brain that control

speech are located in the left hemisphere.

(A) mostly of

(B) most

(D) the most of

4. Stars shine because of ---- produced by the

nuclear reactions taking place within them.

(A) the amount of light and heat is

(B) which the amount of light and heat

(D) the amount of light and heat

5. ---- is not clear to researchers.

(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct.

(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct

(D) Dinosaurs became extinct

6. Although many people use the word “milk” to

refer to cow’s milk,--- to milk from any

mammal, including human milk and goat’s milk.

(A) applying it also

(B) applies also

(D) but it also applies

7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system

was not established --- 1956.

(A) while

(B) until

(D) when

8. ---- on two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement, but disagreement

should not always be avoided: it can be healthy

if handled creatively.

(A) There are

(B) Why

(D) Because

9. Drinking water ---- excessive amounts of

fluorides may leave a stained or mottled effect

on the enamel of teeth.

(A) containing

(B) in which containing

(D) that contain

10. In the 1820’s physical education became --- of

the curriculum of Harvard and Yale

Universities.

(A) to be part

(B) which was part

(D) part

11. Pewter, ---- for eating and drinking utensils in

colonial America, is about ninety percent tin,

with copper or bismuth added for hardness.

(A) was widely used

(B) widely used it

(D) which widely used

12. A moth possesses two pairs of wings --- as a

single pair and are covered with dislike

scales.

(A) function

(B) are functioning

(D) but functions

13. Soap operas, a type of television drama series,

are so called because, at first they were ----.

(A) often which soap manufacturers

(B) sponsored often soap manufactures

(D) soap manufactures often sponsored them

14. The Woolworth Building in New York was the

highest in America when --- in 1913 and was

famous for its use of Gothic decorative

detail.

(A) built

(B) it built

(D) built it

15. Humans,----, interact through communicative

behavior by means of signs or symbols used

conventionally.

(A) like other animals

(B) how other animals

(D) do other animals

16. More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.

A B C D

17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written and direction by George

A B C D

Lucas.

18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate have a nearly cycle.

A B C D

19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown to them and from

A B C

describing distinctive features of individual places.

20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act like people while retaining its

A B C D

animal traits.

21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for the clustering of government

A B C

buildings was Washington,

22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbed primarily by water molecule,

A B

caused heat to spread through the food .

C D

23. The cultures early of the genus Home were generally distinguished by regular use of stone tools and

A B C

by a hunting and gathering economy.

24.Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlike porpoises, have

A B C

well-defined beaklike snouts and conical teeth.

25.The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and the rough of the riverbed.

A B C D

26.The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing, preservation, and reproducing

A B C

sound.

27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped by commercial systems, governmental

A B C D

actions, and cultural traditions.

28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to make solutions that readily

A B C

transmits electricity.

29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they could exploit metallic mineral

A B

deposits was an important milestone in the development civilization.

C D

30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler, a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving as president of

A B C

the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.

31.General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss

A B

consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.

C D

32.After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard, European settlers in North

A B C

America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.

33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour to catch

A B C D

lizards and small rodents.

34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, the presence of the thymus gland

A B C

is essentially.

35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned with the environmental causes A B

of ill and how to eliminate them.

C D

36. By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from the countryside, had caused

A B C

New York City’s population to swell.

37. By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence that those

A B

languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.

C D

38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions of all of the bright stars

A B C

and many of the faint one .

39. In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the Comanches, lived a

A B C

nomadic existence hunting buffalo

40.The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level.

A B C D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-9

The canopy ,the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing

mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and

porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels ,are not

line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent

environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit

of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in

the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a

small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for

insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food,

by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight

of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that

fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. Walking or leaping species of a

(15) similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the

whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with

their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large

climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the

(20) high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve

a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing

on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is

seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.

Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds

(25) an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that

yield these foods can be sparse.

1. The passage answers which of the following

questions?

(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?

(B) How does an animal’s body size influence

an animal’s need for food?

unusual variety of food for animals?

(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the

upper canopy of the rain forest?

2.Which of the following animals is less common

in the upper canopy than in other

environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(D) Mice

3. The word “they” in line 4 refers to

(A) trees

(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size

(D) high tropical canopies

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the

following is true about the small mammals in

the rain forest?

(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to

life in the canopy.

(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of

the canopy to that of other environments.

conditions in the canopy.

(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter

from heat and cold.

5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the

author indicates that

(A) small animals require proportionately more

food than larger animals do

(B) a large animal’s size is an advantage in

obtaining food in the canopy

animals in the rain forest

(D) small animals and large animals are

equally adept at obtaining food in the

canopy

6. The word “typify” in line 19 is closest in

meaning to

(A) resemble

(B) protect

(D) divide

7. According to paragraph 4, what makes

jumping from one tree crown to another

difficult for small mammals?

(A) Air friction against the body surface

(B) The thickness of the branches

(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands

8. The word ‘supplement” in line 24 is closest in

meaning to

(A) control

(B) replace

(D) add to

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) canopy(line 1)

(B) warm blooded(line 5)

(D) springboard(line 21)

Question 10-19

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the

contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly

formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women

line were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant

5) poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary

history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing

she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the

United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these

Centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts

of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts,

were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical

in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of

history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional,

and local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal

correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources

from the core of the two greatest collections of women’s history in the United States one at

the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia

Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later

Generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth

Century, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of

History, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men.” To

demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female

authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women

produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as

reformers, activists working for women’s right to vote, or authors, and were not

representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people

continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The role of literature in early American

histories

(B) The place of American women in written

histories

American women

(D)The “great women” approach to history

used by American historians

11. The word “contemporary” in line 5 means

that the history was

(A) informative

(B) written at that time

(D) faultfinding

12. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and

Adams are mentioned to show that

(A) a woman’s status was changed by marriage

(B) even the contributions of outstanding

women were ignored

writing published

(D) poetry produced by women was more

readily accepted than other writing by

women

13. The word “celebratory” in line 12 means that

the writings referred to were

(A) related to parties

(B) religious

(D) full of praise

14. The word “they” in line 12 refers to

(A) efforts

(B) authors

(D) sources

15. In the second paragraph, what weakness in

nineteenth-century histories does the author

point out?

(A) They put too much emphasis on daily

activities

(B) They left out discussion of the influence of

money on politics.

based on were not necessarily accurate.

(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.

16. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?

(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential

election results

(B) Biographies of John Adams

advising her how to handle a family

problem

(D) Books about famous graduates of the

country’s first college

17. What use was made of the nineteenth-century

women’s history materials in the Schlesinger

Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?

(A) They were combined and published in a

multivolume encyclopedia

(B) They formed the basis of college courses in

the nineteenth century.

twentieth—century historical researchers.

(D) They were shared among women’s colleges

throughout the United States.

18. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all

of the following as possible roles of

nineteenth-century “great women” EXCEPT

(A) authors

(B) reformers

(D) politicians

19. The word “representative” in line 29 is closest

in meaning to

(A) typical

(B) satisfied

(D) distinctive

Question 20-29

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were

Marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous

Lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style

Line was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures,

(5) and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often

deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to

imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art

Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically

Termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect

(10) pon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.

France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among

The most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort

Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of

Glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized

(15) today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese,

and Persian motifs.

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915,

Although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920’s. It was eventually to be

Overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since

(20) the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and

designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First

World War. The basic tenet of the movement-that function should determine from-was

not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: from should be simple, surfaces

plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design

(25) concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the

preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of

glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline

and complex textural surfaces.

21. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style

(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style

(D) Color combinations typical of the Art

Nouveau style

22. The word “one” in line 4 refers to

(A) century

(B) development

(D) coloration

23. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass

was sometimes similar to which aspect of

ancient buried glass？

(A) The distortion of the glass

(B) The appearance of the glass surface

(D) The size of the glass objects

24. The word “prized” in line 14 is closest in

meaning to

(A) valued

(B) universal

(D) preserved

25. The word “overtaken” in line 19 is closest

in meaning to

(A) surpassed

(B) inclined

(D) applied

26. What does the author mean by stating that

“function should determine form” (line 22)?

(A) A useful object should not be attractive.

(B) The purpose of an object should influence

its form.

significant than its function.

(D) The form of an object should not include

decorative elements.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that one

reason Functionalism became popular was

that it

(A) clearly distinguished between art and

design

(B) appealed to people who liked complex

painted designs

the past

(D) was easily interpreted by the general public

28. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following

statements about Functionalism?

(A) Its design concept avoided geometric

shapes.

(B) It started on a small scale and then

spread gradually.

before the First World War.

(D) It was not attractive to architects all

designers.

29. According to the passage, an object made in

the Art Nouveau style would most likely

include

(A) a flowered design

(B) bright colors

(D) a textured surface

Question 30

During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps

only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers

move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier

line like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of melt water

(5) water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice

and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill Surge glaciers also might

be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these

glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.

(10) Some 800 years ago, Alaska’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and

advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this secentry-mile-long river of ice has been

flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In

June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a

western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard’s surge

(15) closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800

feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If

enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves could

rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern

(20) Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea

levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious

cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth’s albedo and

lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears

to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations),

(25) called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning

of the Ice Age.

30.What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The classification of different types of

surge glaciers

(B) The causes and consequences of surge

glaciers

(D) The history of a particular surge glacier

31.The word “intervals” in line 2 is closest in

meaning to

(A) records

(B) speeds

(D) periods

32.The author compares the surging motion of a

surge giacier to the movement of a

(A) fish

(B) wave

(D) boat

33.Which of the following does the author

mention as a possible cause of surging

glaciers?

(A) The decline in sea levels

(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean

waves

(D) The pressure of melt water underneath the

glacier

34.The word “freeing” in line 7 is closest in

meaning to

(A) pushing

(B) releasing

(D) draining

35. According to the passage, the Hubbard

Glacier

(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier

(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895

(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day

36. Yakutat is the name of

(A) an Alaskan town

(B) the last ice age

(D) an Antarctic ice shelf

37.The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in

meaning to

(A) drop

(B) extend

(D) drift

38.The term “vicious cycle” in lines 21-22 refers

to the

(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers

(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the

temperature of tropical areas

have on glacial ice

(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to

the Gulf of Alaska

39.The author provides a definition for which of

the following terms?

(A) Tributary (line 14)

(B) Ice dam (line 15)

(D) Interglacial (line 24)

40.Which of the following statements is

supported by the passage?

(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be

prevented.

(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge

giaciers.

shelves.

(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on

Earth’s climate.

Question 40-50

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may

become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,

traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases,

line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although

(5) there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally

through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades

of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural

leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common;

(10) rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that

meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,

research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by

different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion

(15) of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things”

done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the

collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned

with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group

members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members

(20) expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide

support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group

members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of

the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to

(25) others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is

subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor ,and try to

resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles

suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;

instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote

distant respect.

41.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The problems faced by leaders

(B) How leadership differs in small and

large groups

lead them

(D) The role of leaders in social groups

42. The passage mentions all of the following

ways by which people can become leaders

EXCEPT

(A) recruitment

(B) formal election process

(D) traditional cultural patterns

43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9,

the author is making the point that

(A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”

(B) there is no proof that “natural leaders”

exist

members of a social group

(D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of

characteristics

44.Which of the following statements about

leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?

(A) A person who is an effective leader of a

particular group may not be an effective

leader in another group.

(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership

role with another person.

effective leader by studying research on

leadership.

(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can

produce little evidence of their

qualifications.

45.The passage indicates that instrumental

leaders generally focus on

(A) ensuring harmonious relationships

(B) sharing responsibility with group members

(D) achieving a goal

46.The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in

meaning to

(A) necessary

(B) typical

(D) particular

47.The word “them” in line 19 refers to

(A) expressive leaders

(B) goals of the group

(D) tension and conflict

48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in

line 22 between a leader and the members

of a group could best be characterized as

(A) distant

(B) enthusiastic

(D) personal

49.The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in

meaning to

(A) avoid repeating

(B) talk about

(D) find a solution for

50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion

of leadership primarily in term of

(A) examples that illustrate a problem

(B) cause and effect analysis

(D) comparison and contrast

KEY

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