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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 19 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)

2002年8月TOEFL试题

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) He’ll eat his sandwich after class.

(B) He can only stay a short while.

(D) He need to shop before eating.

2. (A) Leave her garbage cans at his house.

(B) Find out when the truck comes by.

(D) Put the garbage out the night before pickup.

3. (A) She must take one more math class in order to graduate.

(B) She took a lot of math classes in high school.

(D) She did well in the math class because she was familiar with the material.

4. (A) Help him complete a for.

(B) Advise him about his classes.

(D) Visit the man’s apartment.

5. (A) The man should hurry to the library before it closes.

(B) The man should use the phone in the student center.

(D) There’s no pay phone in the library.

6. (A) He isn’t sure how many people will be at the picnic.

(B) He’s worried that here won’t be enough food at the picnic.

(D) The woman should count the guests carefully.

7. (A) She agrees with the man’s choice.

(B) She doesn’t recommend the red tie.

(D) She has no opinion about men’s clothing.

8. (A) He’ll be able to feed the cat next week.

(B) His sister might agree to take care of the cat.

(D) His sister will be out of town next week.

9. (A) It has been in the cafeteria for several weeks.

(B) Its colors aren’t very bright.

(D) The speakers selected it for the cafeteria.

10. (A) He needs the woman’s help.

(B)He’ll complete the report when the computer’s fixed.

(D) The report was finished a couple of day ago.

11. (A) Class has already started.

(B) They should stop the car right now.

(D) This isn’t a good time to go to a gas station.

12. (A) Start her papers before she talks to her professors.

(B) Try to finish one of the papers this week

time.

(D) Ask her professors to help her choose topics for her papers.

13. (A) She need to go shopping for a new pair of jeans.

(B) She and her sister look different because of their clothing.

(D) She and her sister don’t wear the same size dress.

14. (A) He expects to sell all of the calculators soon.

(B) the woman should look in a different section of the store.

(D) Calculators are on sale this week.

15. (A) The task will take more time than the man thinks.

(B) She doesn’t want to talk with the man while he’s angry.

(D) she want to know why the man didn’t

come earlier.

16. (A) He’s teaching a computer class.

(B) He never earned a college degree.

(D) He’s taking a class to update his skill.

17. (A) He has agreed to take care of her plants.

(B) He’s bringing some plants back from his trip

(D) He’ll be away for a while.

18. (A) She’s sorry she can’t help the man.

(B) She didn’t earn a good grade in the biology course.

(D) The man should find a tutor.

19. (A) She needs to improve her study skills.

(B) She’ll feel better if she get some rest.

(D) Her medication isn’t working well.

20. (A) She forgot to bring her skates.

(B) She’s staying home from work today.

(D) She has to work late tonight.

21. (A) Throw the clothes away.

(B) Make a donation of his old clothes.

(D) Save the clothes to give to his friend.

22. (A) He’ll look for the woman’s wallet.

(B) He’ll help the woman with her physics project.

(D) He’d like to pay for the woman’s lunch.

23. (A) She wants to work at the same laboratory next semester.

(B) She’s tries of working as a laboratory assistant.

(D) She needs to find a new job quickly.

24. (A) His father doesn’t have time to listen to a book on tape.

(B) His father might find a book on tape convenient.

(D) His father likes mysteries better than historical novels.

25. (A) She is neater than the woman’s previous roommate.

(B) She doesn’t like the woman’s last roommate.

(D) She’ll probably move soon.

26. (A) She’ll accompany the man tomorrow.

(B) She’s going to see the exhibit later.

(D) Susan’s work will be exhibited tomorrow.

27. (A) He remembers seeing the notes.

(B) He needs the notes for his biology class.

(D) The notes may be in the woman’s bookbag

28. (A) The woman has never been skiing.

(B) The woman hasn’t been able to ski much this winter

(D) The woman doesn’t believe the man.

29. (A) She forgot to give the man directions.

(B) She’ll give the man new directions.

(D) She’ll repeat what she told the man earlier.

30. (A) He hasn’t received the memo.

(B) He doesn’t understand the memo.

(D) He doesn’t need to read the memo.

31. (A) Memories of a recent storm.

(B) How strong winds develop into a hurricane.

(D) Planning a summer vacation.

32. (A) Wind speed.

(B) Rainfall

(D) Direction of approach.

33. (A) By name.

(B) By number.

(D) By month.

34. (A) Study a weather map.

(B) Visit a weather station.

(D) Go to a storm shelter.

35. (A) How hydrothermal vents are formed.

(B) How living things get energy from sunlight

(D) Microorganisms that get energy from chemical reactions.

36. (A) In caves.

(B) On the ocean floor.

(D) Inside archaean.

37. (A) They need very little energy.

(B) They’re found at all depths of the ocean.

(D) They’re similar to many other kinds of microorganisms.

38. (A) Their genetics.

(B) Their size.

(D) The amount of energy they need.

39. (A) Training given to music therapists.

(B) How music prevents disease.

(D) How musicians create music.

40. (A) In place of physical therapy.

(B) To control brain seizures.

(D) To relieve tension.

41. (A) They like to have music in the operating room.

(B) They solved problems better while listening to music they liked.

(D) They performed better when they used headphones.

42. (A) It increased the students’ while blood cell count.

(B) It increased some students’ energy level.

(D) It released a natural painkiller in some students’ bodies.

43. (A) How historical events affected an art movement.

(B) How artists can influence economic conditions.

(D) How valuable paintings were lost during wartime.

44. (A) Many artists lost faith in the value of art.

(B) Many artists moved away from large cities.

(D) Many artists in the United States moved to other countries.

45. (A) People wording in a large factory.

(B) People walking on crowded city streets.

(D) A well-known historical event.

46. (A) The populations of small towns increased rapidly.

(B) Art critics in cites began to take notice of regionalism.

(D) Society became more internationally focused.

47. (A) She was asked to lead a group of inexperienced cavers there.

(B) It was the first cave that she had ever visited.

(D) She hoped to make a discovery.

48. (A) It’s easy to locate.

(B) It’s in a very windy area.

(D) It’s partially covered by water.

49. (A) They are more likely to damage the cave.

(B) It’s hard for them to stay awake.

(D) They may imagine seeing things that aren’t really there.

50. (A) They are newer than the formations in most caves.

(B) They were formed by sulfuric acid.

(D) They are smaller than those in any other cave.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. Over the centuries, ____ that try to explain the origins of the university.

(A) although many theories

(B) many theories

(D) there have been many theories

2. The planet Venus is almost exactly the same size and mass _____ Earth, with a similar interior, including a nickel-iron core.

(A) to

(B) as

(D) than

3. George Washington Carver ____ international fame for revolutionizing agriculture research in the southern United States during the early twentieth century.

(A) won

(B) winning

(D) the winner of

4. constituting one of the earliest engineering techniques, ______ in Paleolithic time was done in order to extend natural caves.

(A) tunnels were built

(B) which built tunnels

(D) tunnels whose building

5. the tulip tree is native to the eastern United States , _____ the tallest and larges broadleaf tree.

(A) where

(B) where it is

(D) is where

6. Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education ______ arithmetic, science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing , spelling, and speaking.

(A) such subjects as basic in

(B) as basic subjects in such

(D) as in such basic subjects

7. ______ land and money enabled construction of the Union Pacific railroad to begin from Council Bluffs, Iowa , in 1865.

(A) By the government granting of

(B) Government grants of

(D) Government grants so that

8. Appointments to the United States Supreme Court and all lower federal courts ____ by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(A) making

(B) to make

(D) have made

9. The name “squirrel” is commonly used for those forms of the family Sciuridae that live in trees, _____ it is equally accurate for ground dwelling types.

(A) whether

(B) that

(D) in spite of

10. Green plants combine _____ with water and carbon dioxide to make food.

(A) energy derived from light

(B) energy, derived it from light

(D) from light , and energy derived

11. From the archeologist’s perspective, understanding the past is vitally important and requires ______ of earlier cultures.

(A) the ruins examined

(B) examining the ruins

(D) that the examined ruins

12. The Texas Legislature selected Vassar Miller _____ in 1982, and again in 1988.

(A) was the state’s poet laureate

(B) as the state’s poet laureate

(D) become the state’s poet laureate

13. The distinguishing feature of a fluid, in contrast to a solid, is the ease _____ .

(A) that a deformed fluid

(B) to deform a fluid

(D) with which a fluid may be deformed

14. Oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s tissues ____ from the blood through the capillary wall.

(A) pass

(B) by passing

(D) have passed

15. _____ important development of the Neolithic age was not in the manufacture of stone tools but in the production of food.

(A) The most

(B) Most

(D) Of the most

16. By 1899 Ransom olds had establish in Detroit, Michigan, the first factory in the United States for the

A B C D

manufacture of automobiles.

17. The progressive Movement is an umbrella tern refer to a number of reform efforts that emerged in

A B C D

the early 1900’s

18. The pelican is a water bird with a large pouch attached to its bill, which it uses as a scoop for catch

A B C D

small fish.

19. The invention of reinforced concrete, plate glass, and steel in the mid-1800’s was enabled architects

to design and build extremely tall constructions, or “skyscrapers.”

B C D

20. Acoustics, the study of sounds, is one of the oldest of the physically sciences.

A B C D

21.Each of functions of the body, even thinking, requires the expenditure of energy.

A B C D

22.Gourds were introduced to what is now the southwestern United States by earliest peoples who

A B C

migrated north from Mesoamerica about 7000 years ago.

23. The economic heart of Canada, Ontario accounts for more than 40 percentage of the nation’s

A B C

productive capacity.

24. Virtually all parts moving of an automobile need to be lubricated because, without lubrication,

A B C

friction would increase power consumption and damage the parts.

25. Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on society as the rapid grow of

A B C D

electronics.

26. The North American Review, a magazine was first published in 1815, was one of the leading literary

A B C

journals of the past woe centuries.

27. Fuel is any substance or material that reacts chemically with another substance or material to

A B C

produce hot.

28. Glint was a favored material of prehistoric humans, which used it to make tools and weapons,

A B C

because it would chip into shapes with sharp edges.

29. Mutiny of a ship’s crew against the captain signifies the breakdown of the obedience and discipline

A B C

required to deal effectively to perils at eat.

30. Of all the art-related reference and research library in North America, that of the Metropolitan

A B

Museum of a Art in New York City is among the largest and most complete.

C D

31. Acclimatization is the process by which an organism adjusts to living in an environment to which it

A B C

normally unsuited.

32. Glaciers, mass of ice that flow outward from ice caps, cover about one-tenth of earth’s land area.

A B C D

33. Some species of bacteria and fungi thrive on such simply compounds as alcohol.

A B C D

34. In 1923 Alice Paul began campaign to promote the adoption of an amendment to the United States

A B C

Constitution mandating equal rights for women.

35. Perhaps more than any other United States city, San Francisco is a collection of neighborhood.

A B C D

36. Almost every the hereditary material of an individual organism resides in the chromosomes.

A B C D

37. Only with early seventeenth-century observers did the music of the original inhabitants of the United

A B C

States and Canada entered recorded history.

38. Perhaps the most distinctive features of sharks and undoubtedly one of the most important reasons

A B C

for their success is their well-developed sensory system.

39. The major economic activities of Cheyenne, Wyoming, include transportation, chemicals, tourism,

A B C

but governmental activities.

40. The fiction writer, poetry, and critic Edgar Allan Poe is among the most familiar of American

A B

writers and one of the most enigmatic.

C D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-9

Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in

rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near

their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and

line Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’

(5) outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within

the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before

the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration,

for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot.

Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather

(10) than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.；its distinctive color and luster

were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperature during an extended

three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters

who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were

usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they

(15) did not share in the concerns of the other.

The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to

Confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage

Jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth-and fifth-century B.C.

Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine

(20) ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of

pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create

particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for

other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to

facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted

(25) pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify.

1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its

(A) production techniques

(B) similarity to other crafts

(D) resemblance to earlier pottery

2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) as a result of

(B) no matter what

(D) according to

3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated

(A) in city centers

(B) on the outskirts of cities

(D) near other potters’ workshops

4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) original

(B) attractive

(D) patterned

5. The word “confine” in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) adapt

(B) train

(D) organize

6. It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages”

(A) It did not break during the firing process.

(B) It was less expensive than other available materials.

(D) It could be used for many purposes.

7. The word “presumably” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) frequently

(B) practically

(D) probably

8. The word “they” in line 23 refers to

(A) molds

(B) particular effects

(D) vessels and figurines

9. According to the passage, all of the following are true of ancient Greek potters and vase painters EXCEPT:

(A) Their functions were so specialized that they lacked common concerns.

(B) They sometimes produced inferior ware.

(D) They decorated many of their works with human images.

Question 10-19

Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude,

and aspect, or attitude to the Sun. Florida’s ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its

soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover.( It does, however,

sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot live where there is moisture or plant matter

(5) the soil.) Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert

plant life it can sustain is only the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its altitude is a

mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea

level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major

changes in its plant communities. Its aspect is flat, direct, brutal—and subtropical.

(10) Florida’s surrounding lushness cannot impinge on its desert scrubbiness.

This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either;

Shrubby little oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes, prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. “It appear

Said one early naturalist,” to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has

Passed and is passing.” By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet

(15) our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the

scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?

The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain

of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less

than ten miles wide. It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels

(20) were higher and the rest of the peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is

precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its

ecosystems essentially undisturbed, since the Miocene era. As a result, it has gathered to

itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only about 75 plant

species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How geographers define a place

(B) The characteristics of Florida’s ancient scrub

(D)The history of the Lake Wales Ridge

11. The author mentions all of the following as factors that define a place EXCEPT

(A) aspect

(B) altitude

(D) life-forms

12. It can be inferred from the passage that soil composed of silica

(A) does not hold moisture

(B) is found only in Florida

(D) provides food for many kinds of lizards

13. The word” sustain” in line 6 is closets in meaning to

(A) select

(B) strain

(D) store

14. The author mentions the prickly pear (line 12)

as an example of

(A) valuable fruit-bearing plants of the scrub area

(B) unattractive plant life of the scrub area

(D) plant life that is extremely are

15. The author suggests that human standards of beauty are

(A) tolerant

(B) idealistic

(D) limited

16. The word “insignificant” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) unimportant

(B) undisturbed

(D) inappropriate

17. According to the passage, why is the Lake Wales Ridge valuable?

(A) It was originally submerged in the ocean.

(B) It is less than ten miles wide.

(D) It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged

18. The word “it” in line 22 refer to

(A) Florida

(B) the peninsula

(D) the Miocene era

19. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) ancient scrub found in other areas of the country

(B) geographers who study Florida’s scrub

(D) the unique plants found on the Lake Wales Ridge

Question 20-30

It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become

extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed

environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation

Line to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species.

(5) For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food

Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems

For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an

Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.

The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth.

(10) Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct

at the same time—a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction

occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life.

Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago,

When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by

(15) a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close

interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy

much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop,

affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.

(20) One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250

Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic

extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but

this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction

may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive

(25) for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or

inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially

random events.

20. The word “it” in line 3 refers to

(A) environment

(B) species

(D) 99 percent

21. The word “ultimately” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) exceptionally

(B) dramatically

(D) unfortunately

22. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth’s history

(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.

(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

(D) They are no longer in existence.

23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?

(A) Temperature changes

(B) Availability of food resources

(D) Competition among species

24. The word “demise” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) change

(B) recovery

(D) death

25. Why is “ plankton” mentioned in line 17?

(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species

(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.

(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.

26. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that

(A) extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth’s history.

(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive

(D) dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.

27. The word “finding” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) published information

(B) research method

(D) scientific discovery

28. Which of the following can be in

(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it

(B) evidence to support the theory has recently been found.

(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.

29. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’ survival?

(A) It reflects the interrelationship of may species.

(B) It may depend on chance events.

(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.

30. According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred

(A) 26 million years ago

(B) 65 million years ago

(D) 250 million years ago

Question 30-40

Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat

Than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move,

Heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is

Line Moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in

(5) the form of latent heat. The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to

Convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove,

it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature.

We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster

than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change

(10) liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat—supplied by the stove in the first case

and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the

atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will

condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.

In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate

(15) Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion

of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the

globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly

30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it

can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it

(20) can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds

and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.

31. The passage mainly discusses how heat

(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) moves about the Earth’s equator

32. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth’s polar regions in which of the following ways?

(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere

(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun

(D) The strength of their oceanic currents

33. The word “convert” line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) mix

(B) change

(D) reduce

34. Why does the author mention “the stove” in line 10?

(A) To describe the heat of the Sun

(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored

(D) To give an example of a heat source

35. According to the passage, most ocean water evaporation occurs especially

(A) around the higher latitudes

(B) in the tropics

(D) because of strong ocean currents

36. According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy

(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) gets stored as latent heat

37. The word “it” in line 18 refers to

(A) square meter

(B) the Sun’s energy

(D) the atmosphere

38. The word “primarily” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) chiefly

(B) originally

(D) clearly

39. The word “prevailing” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) essential

(B) dominant

(D) closest

40. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) low latitudes (line1)

(B) latent heat (line5)

(D) atmosphere (line140)

Question 41-50

The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a

striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark

lowlands) and the terrace( bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability

of reflecting light ) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two

(5) terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by

missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences

between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the

highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are

completely covered by large craters( greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters

(10) of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s

craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.

Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic

pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve

objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of

(15) craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the

understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the

solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array

of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular maria were

(20) seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms

were catalogued, the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their

origins.

Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as

they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively

(25) simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain,

smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.

41. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions

(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon

(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon’s land forms

42. The word ”undergone” in line1 is closest in meaning to

(A) altered

(B) substituted

(D) preserved

43. According to the passage, the maria differ from the terrace mainly in terms of

(A) age

(B) manner of creation

(D) composition

44. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?

(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon’s surface.

(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon’s craters were incorrect.

(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon’s craters were made.

45. The word ”vast” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) special

(B) known

(D) great

46. All of the following are true of the maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

47. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) Moon (line1)

(B) reflectivity(line3)

(D) rays(line19)

48. The author mentions “wispy marks” in line 19 as an example of

(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions

(B) a characteristic of large craters

(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to Earth and the Moon

49. According to the passage, lunar researchers have focused mostly on

(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon

(B) the lunar regolith

(D) craters and their origins

50. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study

(B) the different shapes small craters can have

(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed

KEY

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DBACB CBCCA BCDBA BADAD ABCAD ADBDA DACAD ADACA
ABCCC DDAAB DACBD ADCDB CDCDA ADABC ABBDB DCABD BCDAD CCCDC

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