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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 28 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)

SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION

(A) The woman doesn’t drive often.

(B) Traffic is better than it used to be.

(D) The subway is crowded.

(A) Wear a heavy sweater to the game.

(B) Exchange the tickets.

(D) Watch the game at home.

(A) He dropped out of Professor Johnson’s class.

(B) He’ll probably take another class with Professor Johnson.

(D) Students weren’t allowed to bring drinks into Professor Johnson’s class.

(A) She hasn’t received any mail yet.

(B) She doesn’t know where the post office is.

(D) A new post office has just opened.

(A) Someone else told him Fred had called.

(B) The man looked for Fred at they gym.

(D) Fred probably 3borrowed someone else’s sleeping bag.

(A) She hasn’t gone hiking in three years.

(B) She plans to visit her relatives.

(D) Her sister may move back to Colorado someday.

(A) He’s planning to move to a new house.

(B) He hopes to change jobs.

(D) He’s too busy to clean the house.

(A) Her coat is similar to the man’s.

(B) She needs to buy a new coat.

(D) The man should have worn a sweater.

(A) Ask the people in the lounge to be quiet.

(B) Try to find another place to study.

(D) Turn on another light.

10.

(A) Pick up the package at the post office.

(B) Deliver the package in person.

(D) Find out the hours the post office is open.

11.

(A) The committee is discussing it.

(B) It received a low grade.

(D) The woman hasn’t submitted it.

12.

(A) He’ll see the doctor if he’s not better soon.

(B) He has had worse colds in the past.

(D) His cold will go away by itself.

13.

(A) Get his shower fixed.

(B) Find out when the gym is open.

(D) Ask to be moved to another buidling.

14.

(A) Make sure the registration office didn’t make a mistake.

(B) Decide whether to drop the course next week.

(D) Take the course next year.

15.

(A) He doesn’t think the room is too cold.

(B) He’s already wearing a sweater.

(D) He’ll turn up the heat as soon as class is over.

16.

(A) Make a copy of the key for the woman.

(B) Give the woman her key at her class.

(D) Unlock the woman’s door.

17.

(A) He recently spent a month in Chicago.

(B) He can recommend many things to do.

(D) He’s going on the trip, too.

18.

(A) She likes the design of the car.

(B) Someone famous is riding in the car.

(D) The car is in front of something interesting.

19.

(A) The bus is usually late when it snows.

(B) She’s not sure where her schedule is.

(D) The times on her bus schedule may no longer be correct.

20.

(A) She has trouble concentrating.

(B) She’ll return the book if she doesn’t like it.

(D) She’ll lend the man the book when she’s finished.

21.

(A) Pay the extra postage.

(B) Send the package third-class.

(D) Deliver the package himself.

22.

(A) He’s not very hungry.

(B) He really wants to eat at the restaurant.

(D) He knows a better place to go for a meal.

23.

(A) Speak to his professor about the condition of the lecture hall.

(B) Organize a team of students to clean the lecture hall.

(D) Wait to see if the problem goes away.

24.

(A) She’d like to go although she has little experience.

(B) She doesn’t enjoy camping.

(D) She needs to buy a canoe before the trip.

25.

(A) She couldn’t get a ticket for the exhibit.

(B) She doesn’t like crowded events.

(D) She doesn’t like modern art.

26.

(A) Arrive at the presentation after breakfast.

(B) Talk to the dean before the presentation.

(D) Eat breakfast at the presentation.

27.

(A) Ruth earned the award.

(B) Ruth helped plan the award ceremony.

(D) Ruth served as chairperson of the committee.

28.

(A) She cannot go with the man to Smithville.

(B) There is a new art supply store downtown.

(D) The store went out of business.

29.

(A) She hopes the man can remember her phone number.

(B) She’s willing to help the man solve the puzzle.

(D) She’s going out of town soon.

30.

(A) It is difficult getting an appointment with her.

(B) She is a good doctor.

(D) She is fairly old.

31.

(A) She attended one of their meetings.

(B) Her roommate is a member.

(D) She read about them in the newspaper.

32.

(A) Secure more student parking spaces.

(B) Preserve an open space on campus.

(D) Schedule a meeting with college administrators.

33.

(A) Go to class.

(B) Go on a picnic.

(D) Attend the rally.

34.

(A) Help the man plan a student rally.

(B) Use the student parking lot.

(D) Sign a petition.

35.

(A) In the student recreation center.

(B) In the campus dining hall.

(D) In a classroom.

36.

(A) Studying.

(B) Preparing snacks.

(D) Learning how to play bridge.

37.

(A) Watch her partner.

(B) Play her cards in cooperation with her partner.

(D) Teach the man how to play bridge.

38.

(A) Miss her card game.

(B) Stay up too late.

(D) Neglect her studies to play bridge.

39.

(A) He already knows how to play.

(B) He doesn’t like to play games.

(D) He doesn’t have enough free time.

40.

(A) To emphasize the hazards of wooden buildings.

(B) To explain why certain building techniques started in Chicago.

(D) To explain how Chicago’s early skyscrapers were destroyed.

41.

(A) It was constructed without bricks.

(B) It was the tallest early skyscraper.

(D) It had an internal metal skeleton.

42.

(A) It was the first skyscraper with walls of glass.

(B) It did not have enough support for its height.

(D) It was the tallest skyscraper built in the 1800’s.

43.

(A) The mass production of communications devices.

(B) The early history of a major communication medium.

(D) The impact of radio broadcasting on the music industry.

44.

(A) Few people owned the necessary equipment.

(B) The music selection was not very popular.

(D) The radio signal was too weak to reach a mass audience.

45.

(A) Military communications officers.

(B) People who treated radio technology as a hobby.

(D) People with an interest in music.

46.

(A) They would get smaller in size.

(B) Their signals would travel further.

(D) They would be common household items.

47.

(A) Differences between the planets in the solar system.

(B) Methods of determining the composition of Earth and the Moon.

(D) The origin of the Moon.

48.

(A) The Moon has no water.

(B) The Moon contains almost no iron.

(D) The Moon does not have a molten core.

49.

(A) Earth’s moon used to orbit Mars.

(B) Mars was captured by the gravitational field of the Sun.

(D) Mars is larger than Earth.

50.

(A) The Moon formed from pieces of Earth’s crust.

(B) The Moon was struck by another planet.

(D) The Moon’s mineral content has changed over time.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1.Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements of argument_______that thought, language, and reality are interrelated.

(A) based on the belief

(B) on the belief based

(D) the based belief on

2.Adult fleas_______ only blood and are external parasites of mammals and birds.

(A) eat

(B) having eaten

(D) to eat

3.Heat energy may be absorbed or released when_______ while work is done on or by the system.

(A) changes in the internal energy of a system

(B) by changing the internal energy of a system

(D) the internal energy of a system changes

4.Methods of measuring mass, time, and distance are_______ of human culture.

(A) among the oldest skills

(B) they are among the oldest skills

(D) the skills that among the oldest

5._______ they sometimes swim alone, dolphins usually congregate in large groups, often numbering in the hundreds.

(A) Why

(B) Although

(D) Nevertheless

6._______ plays an important part in commercial art, illustrating advertisements, textbooks, brochures, and articles in magazines

and periodicals.

(A) Drawing and

(B) Because drawing

(D) Drawing

7.Goldfinches build compact_______ nests, which they line with soft vegetable down.

(A) shaped like a cup

(B) cup-shaped

(D) shape of a cup

8.Louisa May Alcott published her first book, Flower Fables_______ of fairy tales, in 1854.

(A) which a collection

(B) a collection was

(D) in which a collection

9._______ understanding of weather and its variability, it has been difficult to prove that weather can be controlled.

(A) Since incomplete

(B) Because of incomplete

(D) Why is incomplete

10.Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal program included_______ designed to provide relief and counteract the effects of the economic depression that had begun in 1929.

(A) measures were temporary

(B) in temporary measures

(D) temporary measures

11.Current health guidelines recommend that people restrict their consumption_______ .

(A) foods of high in fat

(B) of foods in fat high

(D) in foods high of fat

12.Walt Whitman originated a distinctive form of free verse that sets his work apart from_______ of all other poets.

(A) what

(B) that

(D) it

13._______ economic change by investigating the fluctuations in the relationship between workers’ wages and their buying power.

(A) Economists gauging

(B) Economists gauge how

(D) Whenever economists gauge

14.Although the many hours of summer sunshine in Canada’s Klondike region produce good vegetable crops, the long winters rarely permit_______ .

(A) grain crops ripen

(B) grain crops are ripe

(D) to ripen grain crops

15.Tools, a workshop, and some storage space were_______ for early experiments in aviation.

(A) required all that

(B) all that was required

(D) such that all the requirements

16. A major railroad junction in Illinois, Decatur has became an important commercial hub for

A B

the region’s farm products and livestock.

C D

17. People use muscles to make various movements, such as walk, jumping, or throwing.

A B C D

18. Emily Dickinson unmistakably fixed her own highly individually and revolutionary personality

A B

in her elliptical and provocative poems.

C D

19. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones of difference sizes and shapes.

A B C D

20. One of the earliest strike in United States history occurred in 1740 when bakers refused

A B C

to work until their wages were increased.

21. Count Basie’s distinctive piano style and band arrangements of the late 1930’s earned his

A B C

an important place in jazz history.

22. The wide range of elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains allows for the

A B

great diverse of plant life found there.

C D

23. Four huge shield volcanoes have been observed on Mars, as well as a great number of

A B

smaller ones like found those on the Earth.

C D

24. The 1897 discover of gold in the Klondike hastened the commercial development of

A B

Washington State, as did the increasing trade with Pacific Islands.

C D

25. The Saint Lawrence River is young relatively by geological standards, as it was formed

A B C D

during the last ice age.

26. With the ability produce and control fire, early humans could make heat and light and could

A B

cook foods that were difficult to eat raw.

C D

27. Only the female and the worker wasps are equipped with a sting, which they use it to

A B C

attack their prey or to protect themselves against enemies.

28. Compared with another breeds, quarter horses can start more quickly, turn more sharply, and

A B

run faster over short courses.

C D

29. Stars emit radio waves, which they may be detected and studied using radio telescopes.

A B C D

30. A glider is a type of aircraft resembling an airplane but often having not means of

A B C D

propulsion at all.

31. A matrilineal extended family consists of core group of males, their wives, and their

A B C D

unmarried daughters.

32. Herons inhabit marshy areas or the shores along fresh or salt water, which they find fishes,

A B C

frogs, crustaceans, and other aquatic animals to eat.

33. A computer program that communicates with the user solely by choices providing from interlined

A B C

menus is said to be menu-driven.

34. In the 1930’s few major orchestras in the United States hired woman, so many chose to perform

A B C

in amateur musical groups as an alternative.

35. Complex spacecraft are characterized by a various of supporting systems, including

A B

communications, guidance and navigation, altitude control, and ,in some cases, life-support systems.

C D

36. When a piano keyboard is substituted for buttons on right side of an accordion, the instrument

A B C

is known as a piano accordion.

37. Today’s lunar and solar eclipses can be predicted to within seconds of its occurrence, and

A B C

interest in them is scientific as well as aesthetic.

38. The windowless inner rooms of the Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico served for the storage of

supplies, while the brighter outer rooms were using for living quarters.

B C D

39. Ultrasonic is concerned with sound vibrates or waves of a frequency above 20,000 cycles per

A B

second, the upper range audible to the human ear.

C D

40. Freesia plants reach a height of two and one-half feet and thrive best at temperature

A B C D

of 50 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-9

The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives of

nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during

the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and

lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the

(5) 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of

artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older

painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught

and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and

fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.

(10) The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural

subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for

patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining

academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two

factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American",

(15) "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school-the most representative school of

American art in any genre-had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of

critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.

The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering,

it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and

(20) socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores

with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with

a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of

America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the

Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the

(25) term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived

on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal

route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the

Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The National Academy of Design

(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River

(D) The training of American artists in European academies

2.Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

(A) Figural painting

(B) Landscape painting

(D) Historical painting

3.The word "struggle" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) connection

(B) distance

(D) competition

4. The word "monopolized" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) alarmed

(B) dominated

(D) pursued

5.According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?

(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.

(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.

(D) It supported their growth and development.

6. The word "it" in line 12 refers to

(A) matter

(B) technique

(D) country

7. The word "factions" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) sides

(B) people

(D) images

8. The word "flattering" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) expressive

(B) serious

(D) flashy

9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?

(A) In Europe

(B) In the Adirondacks

(D) In New Hampshire

Questions 10-22

Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in

which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing

citizen's patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the

candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the

(5) major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television

accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages

on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political

speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 3/2 to 2 hours, which characterized

(10) nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement

and the 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for

speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience

who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political

(15) discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish

the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable

causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is

preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed

(20) political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-

style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world

contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze

words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed

citizenship requires a new set of skills.

(25) Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged

events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political

activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters,

and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and

answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

10. What is the main point of the passage?

(A) Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage.

(B) Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.

(D) Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.

11. The word "disseminated" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) analyzed

(B) discussed

(D) stored

12. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties

(A) had more influence over the selection of political candidates

(B) spent more money to promote their political candidates

(D) received more money

13. The word "accelerated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) allowed

(B) increased

(D) started

14. The author mentions the "stump speech" in line 8 as an example of

(A) an event created by politicians to attract media attention

(B) an interactive discussion between two politicians

(D) a style of speech common to televised political events

15. The phrase "given way to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) added interest to

(B) modified

(D) been replaced by

16. The word "that" in line 12 refers to

(A) audience

(B) broadcast news

(D) advertisement

17. According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more successful at

(A) allowing news coverage of political candidates

(B) placing political issues within a historical context

(D) providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior

18. The author states that "politicians assert but do not argue" (line 18) in order to suggest that politicians

(A) make claims without providing reasons for the claims

(B) take stronger positions on issues than in the past

(D) dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens

19. The word "Reliance" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) abundance

(B) clarification

(D) information

20. The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that

(A) politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens

(B) politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are less attractive

(D) citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better informed

21. According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can

(A) create more time to discuss political issues

(B) obtain more television coverage for themselves

(D) engages in debates with their opponents

22. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

(A) Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.

(B) Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.

(D) Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.

Questions 23-33

The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the

north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have

data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the

aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a

(5) neon sign.

To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its

magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the

magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of

ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed

(10) earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The

Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of

the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the

magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the

solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's

(15) magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles

very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the

atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations

of visible light.

The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish

(20) white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic

storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit a crimson light.

Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet.

Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped

around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light

(25) stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares

that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays

may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.

Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of

plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in

attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.

23. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space

(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles

(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras

24. The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) ideas

(B) stars

(D) colors

25. The word "picture" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) frame

(B) imagine

(D) explain

26. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 11) because

(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth

(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere

(D) it is strongest in the polar regions

27. The word "them" in line 17 refers to

(A) polar regions

(B) electrons

(D) aurora radiations

28. According to the passage, which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?

(A) Greenish-white

(B) Crimson

(D) Violet

29. The word "emit" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) change from

(B) connect with

(D) give off

30. The word "glowing" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) shining

(B) moving

(D) hanging

31. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when

(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth

(B) solar flares are very intense

(D) the excitation of atoms is low

32. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras?

(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.

(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.

(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.

33. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) "magnetosphere" (line 7)

(B) "electrons" (line 16)

(D) "fusion" (line 30)

Questions 34-44

Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States

during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to

city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the

beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns

(5) or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840,

increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900.

A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had

become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than

100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration

(10) producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the

combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America's "urban

frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.

The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The

agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city

(15) and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people

needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided

ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in

transportation and construction-as well as the expanded market in consumer

goods-allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the

(20) Untied States.

Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One

example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel),

which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude

oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the

(25) telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural

Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era

the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people; the

bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised

in rural isolation.

34. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Technological developments

(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities

(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

35. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) working

(B) processing

(D) attraction

36. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss

(A) foreign immigration

(B) rural life

(D) famous cities of the twentieth century

37. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?

(A) Five percent

(B) Eleven percent

(D) Forty-six percent

38. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning to

(A) expensive

(B) exceptional

(D) necessary

39. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to

(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants

(B) farms and small towns

(D) industry and transportation

40. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) forced

(B) prepared

(D) motivated

41. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in lines 24-25?

(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution

(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life

(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.

42. The word "them" in line 26 refers to

(A) urban areas

(B) rural Americans

(D) cities

43. The word "era" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) period of time

(B) location

(D) unique situation

44. The word "intriguing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) profitable

(B) attractive

(D) challenging

Questions 45-50

The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord

that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive

form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization,

and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that

(5) is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all

vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure

of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the

embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding

of adult morphology.

(10) In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These

are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the

brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial,

spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term

"autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems

(15) that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many

glands.

The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together

with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or

"neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit

(20) to a great degree the phenomena of irritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the

central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed "neuroglia". They are

characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood

vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system

are termed "neurilemmal" cells.

45. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The parts of a neuron

(B) The structure of animals' nerve

(D) The development of the brain

46. According to the passage, the nerve cord of vertebrates is

(A) large

(B) hollow

(D) embryological

47. The author implies that a careful investigation of a biological structure in an embryo may

(A) Improved research of the same structure in other species

(B) A better understanding of the fully developed structure

(D) A method by which scientists can document the various stages of development

48.The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the

(A) sensory endings

(B) cranial nerve

(D) peripheral nerves

49.All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT

(A) connective tissue

(B) cardiac muscle

(D) smooth muscle

50. In what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells?

(A) 1-2

(B) 10-13

(D) 18-20

KEY

CDCBD BDCBC CDCCC BBDDC ABAAD DACBB DBADB CADDB DABAB DDBCA
AADAB DBCBD CBCCB ACBCA CCDAB ACBBD BCCBA BCDAD
BBDBD CACAD CABCD ABACD BABCB BCADA BAADC ADBCD BBABC BBCAD

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