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Đề thi thử TOEFL ITP số 25 (ĐÁP ÁN CUỐI BÀI)
Section One: Reading Comprehension
1. (A) She reads more slowly than the man does.
(B) She has a 1ot of material to read before she has coffee.
(C) The man does more work than is necessary.
(D) The man seems to be taking a long time preparing for philosophy class.
2. (A) The woman should have shown him the newspaper.
(B) He thinks the woman will win the contest.
(C) The woman's pictures are on top of the newspapers.
(D) The new photograph does not look anything like her others.
3. (A) Return his literature books to the bookstore.
(B) Keep his books from the literature class.
(C) Sell his literature books to the woman.
(D) Visit the reference section of the library.
4. (A) Give the secretary Janet's new address and phone number.
(B) Ask Janet a question about his health.
(C) Get information about Janet from the secretary.
(D) Visit Janet at her new school.
5. (A) She will help the man find the exhibit.
(B) She has already seen the exhibit.
(C) She will help the man read the map.
(D) She knows where to get a map.
6. (A) She is also planning to travel.
(B) She already picked up money for the trip.
(C) She has to study instead of traveling.
(D) She thinks the man should take more money.
7. (A) The woman should not get involved in the situation
(B) The woman should not be angry with he friends.
(C) He wants to talk to Sally and Mark.
(D) He will explain to the woman what happened.
8. (A) What travel plans Philip is making
(B) How Philip s parents are going to travel
(C) What Philip said
(D) Where Philip heard the news
9. (A) She will have to postpone her trip.
(B) She has already gotten her passport application.
(C) The passport office is closed.
(D) She was late in applying for her passport.
10. (A) He has not played tennis in a while.
(B) He does not know how to play tennis.
(C) His tennis racket is broken.
(D) He needs to rest before he plays.
11. (A) No one was interested in the discussion.
(B) Politics is a sensitive topic.
(C) The woman is not being serious.
(D) People avoided discussing politics.
12. (A) She already read the book.
(B) She will not lend her book to the man.
(C) The man can use her book whenever he likes.
(D) The man does not need the book.
13. (A) It is about to start raining.
(B) The rain will stop soon.
(C) It has been raining all day.
(D) It just stopped raining.
14. (A) She is not permitted to live off-campus this year.
(B) She has been living off-campus for a year.
(C) She is happy with her living arrangements.
(D) She is required to move next year.
15. (A) She misses her old roommate.
(B)She changes roommates often.
(C) She does not know Julie very well.
(D) She did not really enjoy living with Julie.
16. (A) Take a shorter route
(B) Buy new sun glasses
(C) Drive on a different road
(D) Consider using Route 27
17. (A) Give her ticket to the man
(B) Borrow some jazz music from someone else
(C) Go to the concert without the man
(D) Help the man to complete his paper
18. (A) Sullivan's has never been able to keep its chef.
(B) The service at Sullivan's is dependable.
(C) The quality of the cooking at Sullivan's is inconsistent.
(D) Customers get a lot of personal attention at Sullivan's.
19. (A) She thinks the wearier is pleasant.
(B) She has been working hard in the lab.
(C) She is not feeling very well today.
(D) She has been staying up quite late recently.
20. (A) The woman can wear it all winter.
(B) The woman may have trouble paying for it.
(C) It may not be warm enough.
(D) It will not fit if the woman loses weight.
21. (A) Introduce Michelle to the other reporters
(B) Take Michelle home
(C) Take a tour of the office
(D) Start working at his desk
22, (A) They should turn left when they see a stop sign.
(B) He does not have the directions with him.
(C) He does not see the stop sign yet
(D) He does not know which way to turn.
23. (A) Ho has not been to the new restaurant yet.
(B) He would like to go to the new restaurant with the woman
(C) The food at the new restaurant is not very good.
(D) A restaurant 's atmosphere is very important to him
24. (A) She is planning to drop the class.
(B) She thinks the man wants to take the class.
(C) She only has one class on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
(D) She has to leave for class.
25. (A) Ho does not feel very well.
(B) He had several teeth filled.
(C) The dentist gave him some medication.
(D) The woman is mistaken.
26. (A) Business courses have become popular
(B) The school only offers business courses.
(C) The business school has a new program.
(D) The school has just started to offer business courses.
27. (A) His alarm clock is broken.
(B) He bas been late before.
(C) He prefers to study early in the morning.
(D) He worked in the lab last night.
28. (A) He will lend the woman moneyto buy a computer.
(B) The woman should wait a while before buying a computer.
(C) The woman should find a better way to invest her savings.
(D) The woman should buy a computer.
29. (A) There are none left.
(B) They are too expensive.
(C) They might be available at the concert.
(D) They need to be purchased in advance.
30. (A) She will go to the restaurant with the man.
(B) She will meet the man and his friends later in the evening.
(C) She has already had dinner.
(D) She will not change her original plans.
31. (A) A famous photographer
(B) Photographic processes in the 1800's
(C) Photographic equipment used in the 1800's
(D) A new museum
32. (A) Her subjects home
(B) Her subject's social status
(C) Her subject's personality
(D) Her subject 's role in history
33. (A) Backlighting
(B) Flashbulbs
(C) Time-lapse photography
(D) Soft focus
34. (A) Children
(B) Historical scenes
(C) Well-known people
(D) Landscapes
35. (A) Which major the woman will be choosing
(B) An anthropology course the woman is taking
(C) How to find a job in publishing
(D) Which anthropology professors the man recommends
36.(A) It is not as difficult as she had thought it would be.
(B)She would like her professor to explain it more clearly.
(C) She took a class on it last semester.
(D) Her professor will write a book on it soon.
37. (A) lt might lead to a job in publishing.
(B) It is being taught by a famous anthropologist.
(C) It will help her with her courses overseas.
(D) It will prepare her for future work in anthropology.
38. (A)Her professor
(B) A classmate
(C) Her former boss
(D) A foreign diplomat
39. (A) So they can feel its weight
(B) So they can examine its contents
(C) So they can guess its age
(D) So they can admire its beautiful color
40. (A) How amber changes shape when heated
(B) How clear amber is
(C) How common is around the world
(D) How easily amber can break
41. (A) Tropical insects
(B) Decayed leaves
(C) Tree resin
(D) Bird feathers
42. (A) Its amber contains numerous fossils.
(B) Its amber is the most durable.
(C) Its amber is opaque.
(D) It is the site of the oldest amber deposits.
43. (A) Amber mined from the Appalachian Mountains
(B) Amber with no imperfections
(C) Amber containing organic material
(D) Amber with no inclusions
44. (A) The difficulties faced by the colonists
(B) The skill of military heroes
(C) The courage of one man
(D) The cause of the Revolutionary War
45. (A) He did not fight in the Revolution my War.
(B) He did not really exist.
(C) He was an important town leader.
(D) He was not the only messenger.
46. (A) It was well planned.
(B) It was completed in a short time.
(C) It was led by military commanders.
(D) It helped him get elected to public office.
47. (A)To explain how angles are measured
(B) To prove that Mesopotamiansdid not know how to use square numbers
(C) To discuss a mistaken historical interpretation
(D) To explain why tablets are reliable historical records
48. (A) They did not use square numbers.
(B) They used complex measuring instruments.
(C) They recorded math exercises on tablets.
(D) They calculated the length of triangle sides.
49. (A) Pictures of triangles
(B) Calculations using square numbers
(C) Measurements of angles
(D) Greek symbols
50. (A) They taught the Mesopotamians about square numbers.
(B) They were less advanced in mathematics than the Mesopotamians.
(C) They did not use square numbers.
(D) They knew how to measure angles.
Section Two: Structure and Written Expression
1. The ancestors of the horse lived ..... and were about half a meter tall.
(A) years ago 60 million
(B) 60 million years ago
(C) ago 60 million years
(D) million years ago 60
2. The museum on Ellis Island, a former immigration station, contains documents and artifacts......to four centuries of United States immigration.
(A) related them
(B) related
(C) related that
(D) be related
3. ......, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.
(A) The presence of air pollutants
(B) Air pollutants are present
(C) Because the presence of air pollutants
(D) Air pollutants whose presence
4. The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and......evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.
(A) which is
(B) is
(C) because
(D) There is
5. The “confederation school” poets of nineteenth-century Canada were primarily nature poets, ----- a wealth of eulogies to Canadian rural life.
(A) and producing
(B) who they produced
(C) producing
(D) whose production of
6. Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, ---- have painted to express themselves.
(A) when artists
(B) artists
(C) artists who
(D) that artists
7. About 42 million bushels of oats are used annually --- manufacture of breakfast foods in die United States.
(A) the
(B) is the
(C) in the
(D) to
8. Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although .......between some of the more reactive compounds.
(A) side reactions can occur
(B) the occurrence of side reactions can
(C) can side reactions occur
(D) side reactions that can occur
9. Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ...... more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.
(A) with
(B) which
(C) and
(D) resulting
l0. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials .......to handle and to sort them.
(A) that almost compel one
(B) one compels
(C) that compel almost
(D) one is almost compelled
11. In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride.......the first woman astronaut.
(A) who being
(B) to be
(C) and being
(D) was
12. Adhesions are ....... formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.
(A) that thin bands of scar tissue
(B) they thin bands of scar tissue when
(C) thin bands of scar tissue
(D) thin bands of scar tissue able to
13. The planet Neptune is about 30 times ...... from the Sun as Earth is.
(A) far
(B) as far
(C) more far
(D) far that
14. Not until the 1850's ...... a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescue historic buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.
(A) both
(B) came
(C) did
(D) when
15. ----- 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.
(A) Being over
(B)There are over
(C) Where over
(D)Over
16. The world's water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water in
A B C
Liquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.
D
17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensure
A
equal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.
B C D
18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely due
A B C
to advances in silicon tec~logics and manufacturing processes.
D
19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread in
A B
the prairies of the western United States.
C D
20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largest
A B C
freshwater lake in the world.
D
21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to its
A B
characteristic way of suddenly, shutting its mouth.
C D
22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.
A B C D
23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimited
A B
in the number and range of musical sounds it can produce.
C D
24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;
A B
none of his major works was publicly performed.
C D
25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter the
A B C
personality in a positive way.
D
26. Globally, the 1990's stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weather
A B C D
records.
27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and are
A
used them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, and
B C
most electronic applications.
D
28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standard
A B
which by the symphony orchestra is tuned.
C D
29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones and
A B C
protect them while movement.
D
30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman, s Patty,
A
a political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.
B C D
31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, the
A
protective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.
B C D
32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world's oceans and occupy tropical,
A B C
temperate, and even some the cooler waters.
D
33. Taste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize four
A B
primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.
C D
34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically and
A B C
psychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.
D
35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the Massachusetts
A
Institute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet the
B C
industrial needs of the United States.
D
36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water from
A B C
streams for the irrigate of crops.
D
37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United States
A
by approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of the
B C D
United States.
38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is the
A B C
electron probe, a modify electron microscope.
D
39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinkling
A B C
diamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and multicolored opals.
D
40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either in
A B C
their simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.
D
Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Question 1-10
After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but
remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the
first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y,
Line however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author
5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's
literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity
of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.
Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for
instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional
10 entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market
expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria
Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive
enough to allay adult distrust of fiction,
American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812
15 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything,and the self-conscious new
nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for
the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers
of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.
When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive
20 to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's,
stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,
of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,
successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as
they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British
25 counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means
disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of
birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.
self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier
American moralistic tradition in children's books.
1. What does the passage mainly 4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to
discuss?
(A) children
(A) The career of Maria (B) Americans
Edgeworth as an author (C) books
of children's books (D) vehicles
(B) The development of children's
literature in the United States 5. The word "allay" in line 13
(C) Successful publishers of is closest in meaning to
children's books in Britain
and North America (A)clarify
(B) attack
(D) Basic differences between (C)reduce
British and American (D) confirm
literature for children
2. The publisher John Newbery is 6: It can be inferred from the passage
principally known for which of the that American children's books sold
following reasons? before 1785 were almost always
(A) He produced and sold books (A) written by Maria Edgeworth
written by Maria Edgeworth. (B) attractive and interesting to
(B) He had more influence on children
American children's (C) written by American authors
literature than any other (D) intended only for religious and
publisher, moral instruction
(C) He published books aimed
amusing children rather than
instructing them.
(D) He was commercially minded
and cheerful.
3. The word "notwithstanding" in
line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of
7. By the end of the eighteenth 9. According to the passage, American
century, the publishers of children’s children's stories differed from their
looks in the United States were British equivalents in that the
most concerned about which of the characters in American stories were
following?
(A) children who showed a change
(A) Attracting children with of behavior
entertaining stories that (B) children who were well
provided lessons of correct behaved
behavior (C) rarely servants
(B) Publishing literature consisting (D) generally not from a variety
of exciting stories that would of social classes
appeal to both children and
adults 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28
(C) Expanding markets for books is closest in meaning to
in both Britain and the
United States (A) inspiration for
(D) Reprinting fictional books (B) evidence of
from earlier in the century (C) requirement for
(D) development of
8. The word "permeated" in line 15
(A) opposed
(B) improved
(C) competed with
(D) spread through
Question 11-21
Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not
just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the
first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.
Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between
5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that
anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life
that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants,
algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture
their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to
10 the partnership.
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce
(as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that
condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no
rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface
15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong
ultraviolet rays in the mountains.
Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old
that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of
these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.
20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together
to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one
another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been
separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by
animals; these toll or are blown to a new location
11. Which of the following questions 12. The word "hardiest" in line I is
does the passage answer? closest in meaning to
(A) Where can the oldest lichens (A) most unusual
be found? (B) most basic
(B) How long does it take for (C) most abundant
lichens to establish (D) most vigorous
themselves?
(C) How large can lichens he?
(D) Where do lichens usually
occur?
13. The word "framework" in line 5 is 18. All of the following are mentioned
closest in meaning to in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:
(A) structure (A) They are capable of producing
(a) fragment their own food.
(C) condition (B)They require large amounts of
(D)environment minerals lo prosper.
(C)They are a union of two
14, The author mentions "the green film separate plants.
of plant life that grows on stagnant (D) They can live thousands of
pools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain years.
(A) how the sun affects lichens 19. What does the phrase "lichen
(B) why plants depend on water colonies (line 19)suggest?
(C) where fungi become algae
(D) what algae arc (A) Nothing but lichens live in
some locations.
15. It can be inferred from the passage (B) Many lichens live together in
that lichens use less energy and one area.
grow more slowly when (C) Lichens displace the plants
that surround them.
(A) the environment is polluted (D)Certain groups of lichens have
(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet never been separated.
rays
(C) they are very old 20. The word "encounter" in line 21 is
(D) the supply of water is closest in meaning to
inadequate
(A) lose
16: Which of file following terms is (B) support
defined in the passage? (C) meet
(A) "anchors" (line 6) (D) create
(B) "stagnant" (line 7) 21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to
(C) "dew" (line 14.)
(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16) (A)partners
(B) buds
17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is (C) lichens
closest in meaning to (D) animals
(A)precise
(B) extended
(C) approximate
(D)regular
Question 22-31
The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no
linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for
Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we
Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient
5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform
script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform
tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.
Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these
inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian
10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,
but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar
Old Persian language:
Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French
troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried
15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,
a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several
decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were
decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta
stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that
20 replaced it.
Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the
early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions
disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years
As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent
25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures
abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although
pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke
completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The
Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and
eventually vanished.
22. What does the passage mainly 24, According to the passage, scholars
discuss? were able to decipher cuneiform
(A) Reasons for the failure to script with the help of
understand the written (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian,
records of Old European and Babylonian languages
culture (B) Old Persian.
(B) Influences on the development (C) tablets written in Old
of Old European script European
(C) Similarities between (D) a language spoken in
Old European script and eighteenth century Iran
other ancient writing systems
(D) Events leading to the 25. The word “fortuitous” in line 6
discovery of Old European is closet in meaning to
script (A) important
23. According to the passage, New (B) sudden
Elamite is (C) early
(D) lucky
(A) a language that was written
in the cuneiform script 26. The word "them" in line 7 refers to
(B) a modem language that
came from Old Persian (A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and
(C) one of the languages spoken Babylonian
by the Old Europeans (B) bilingual inscriptions
(D) a language that was (C) cuneiform tablets
understood by the late (D) scholars
eighteenth century
27. When does the passage suggest 29, The word "thwarted" in line 16
that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic is closest in meaning to
script was finally deciphered?
(A) continued
(A) At around the same time (B) influenced
as cuneiform script was (C) encouraged
deciphered (D) frustrated
(B) Shortly before the Rosetta
stone was unearthed 30. According to the passage,
(C) As soon as additional Indo-European incursions caused
bilingual inscriptions Old European populations to
became available to
scholars (A) separate into different tribes
(D) A few decades after the (B) move eastward
hieratic script was decoded (C) change their ways of living
obtaining food
28. According to the passage, which of (D) start recording historical
the following is true of the Rosetta events in Writing
stone? 31. The author mentions the Balkans
(A) It was found by scholars in the passage in order to explain
trying to decode ancient why
languages.
(B) It contains two versions of (A) Indo-European languages
hieroglyphic script. were slow to spread in Old
(C) Several of its inscriptions Europe
were decoded within a few (B) the inhabitants of Old Europe
months of its discovery. were not able to prevent
(D) Most of its inscriptions have Indo-European incursions
still not been decoded. (C) the use of the Old European
script declined
(D) the Old European culture
survived for a time after the
Indo-European incursions
Questions 32-40
Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most
distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the
surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area
Line adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State,
5 and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number that
live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated
places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular
characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly
circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can
10 support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive
influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people that
settled in the Pacific Islands.
The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime
colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki
15 expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics
now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by
South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but
from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island
out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island
20 the most isolated place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago,
when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand.
Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to
arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable
achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef,
25 and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which
solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self-
sustaining island population.
32. The word "scattered" in line 2 is 33. Why does the author mention New
closest in meaning to York City in line 6 ?
(A) widely known (A) To emphasize how small the
(B) usually estimated population of the Pacific
(C) rarely inhabited Islands is
(D) irregularly distributed (B) To emphasize the extreme
distances between the Pacific
Islands and other regions
(C) To note the economic ties of
the Pacific Islands to other
regions
(D) To note the lack of urban
environments on the Pacific
Islands
34.The phrase "by virtue or" in line 7 is 38.The word "It' in line 20 refers to
closest in meaning to (A) Pacific
(A) regarding (B) process
(B) because of (C) isolated place
(C) taking advantage of (D) Earth
(D) in place of
39. The word "indeterminate" in line 22
35. The word "circumscribed" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
is closest in meaning to (A) undecided
(A) located (B) uncertain
(B) flooded (C) unacceptable
(C) restricted (D) increasing
(D) pushed
40. The passage is most likely followed
36. Which of the following is NOT by a discussion of
mentioned as, evidence used to
determine Iht origins of Pacific (A) how settlers adapted to newly
discovered Pacific Ocean
Islands people? Islands
(A) Oral histories (B) the design and construction of
(B) Plant dispersal canoes used in the Pacific
(C) Linguistics Islands
(D) Archaeology (C) the characteristics sties of reefs in
the Pacific Islands
37. According to the-passage where (D) how early explorers of the
did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Ocean found their
Pacific Islands come from? way from island to island
(A) South America
(B) Hawaii
(C) New Zealand
(D) Asia
Questions 41-50
The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from
the air we breathe today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most
likely hy~ogen and helium--.the two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as
Line well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and ammonia, Most scientists feel that
5 this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot surface.
A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses
from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents.
We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly
water vapor (about g0 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten percent), and up to a few
10 percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's second atmosphere.
As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot
interior--known as outgassing--provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed
into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many thousands or years, forming the rivers,
lakes, and oceans of the world. During this Lime, large amounts of carbon dioxide were
15 dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the carbon
dioxide became locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much
of the water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide
dwindling, the atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen.
It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably
20 began an extremely slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split
water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen during a process called photodissociation. The
hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and escaped into space, while the oxygen remained
in the atmosphere.
This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive
25 plants to evolve, perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved
in an almost oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly
enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The reason for this enrichment is that plants, in
the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.
41. What is the main idea of the 42. The word "enveloped" in line 6
passage? is closest in meaning to
(A) The original atmosphere (A) surrounded
on Earth was unstable. (B) changed
(B) The atmosphere on Earth (C) escaped
has changed over time. (D) characterized
(C) Hot underground gasses
created clouds, which 43. The word "they' in line 8 refers to
formed the Earth's
atmosphere. (A) gasses
(D) Plant growth depended on (B) volcanoes
oxygen in the Earth's (C) steam vents
atmosphere. (D) rocks
44. According to the passage. 48. The phase “At any rate ”in line 26
outgassing eventually led to all is closest in meaning to
of the following EXCEPT (A) regardless
(A) increases in the carbon dioxide (B) in addition
content of sedimentary rocks (C) although unlikely
(B) the formation of bodies of (D) fortunately
water
(C) decreases in the level of 49. The author organizes the discussion
nitrogen of the Earth's atmosphere in terms
(D) the formation of clouds of the
45. The word "gradually" in line 18 (A) role of volcanoes in its
is closest in meaning to formation
(A) accidentally (B) occur in which changes
occurred
(B) quickly (C) time it took for the Earth's
(C) in the end surface: to cool and nitrogen
(D) by degrees to appear
(D) chemical and physical features
46. The passage suggests that oxygen of gasses
remained in the atmosphere because
50. Which of the following does the
(A) it was caused by outgassing passage mention as necessary for
(B) it was heavier than hydrogen both the production of oxygen by
(C) hydrogen became trapped in photodissociation and the
limestone production of oxygen by plants?
(D) rays from the sun created
equal amounts of hydrogen (A) Water:
and oxygen (B) Hydrogen
(C) Carbon dioxide
47. The author uses the word "Or" in (D) Nitrogen
line 25 to
(A) criticize the previous
suggestion
(B) provide unrelated information
(C) propose a similar idea
(D)suggest an alternative
Key
DBBCA AADBA
BBAAD CCCBC
DDCBC ABDCD
ACDCB ADCBD
CACCD ACDBD
BBACD BCACA
BCBCB DABAC
BCDBC DBCDC
BDADB DBDAD
BDABC DBDCB
DDADD CBBBC
BADBD CABDC
CDABC ADBBA
BABCD BDABA
» Danh sách Tập tin đính kèm:
» Tin mới nhất:
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