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(13/11/2018 10:29:52 AM)

CÁCH LÀM BÀI MATCHING HEADING - READING IELTS

Chiến lược

1. Đọc các tiêu đề (headings) và xác định từ khóa

- Mục đích: để nắm được nội dung của tiêu đề, không phải để dò tìm các từ đó trong các đoạn.

2. Tìm câu chủ đề (topic sentences) hoặc đọc lướt các đoạn để nắm được nội dung chính

- Câu chủ đề thường bắt đầu bằng các từ But, Yet, The point is, Obviously, Overall, In

reality, In general, The main point is, The truth is, Above all, etc.
- Các vị trí của câu chủ đề theo thứ tự phổ biến:

+ Đầu đoạn
+ Cuối đoạn
+Câu thứ 2 của đoạn + Giữa đoạn

Tuy nhiên một số đoạn vẫn có thể không có câu chủ đề, khi đó cần đọc lướt cả đoạn để nắm được nội dung chính

3. Dự đoán/xác định các từ đồng nghĩa hoặc mang nghĩa tương đương giữa các tiêu đề và câu chủ đề ở các đoạn

4. Chọn câu trả lời

EXAMPLE:
The Reading Passage has 4 paragraphs, A-D
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

Tea and the Industrial Revolution

A Cambride professor says that a change in drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports

Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King’s College, Cambride, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang – the world changing birth of industry – happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?
Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urband populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produces objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen. While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some oss these criteria but were not industrializing. ‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution,’ says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything except coal, while China also had many of these factors. Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’
The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’s favourite drinks, fueled the revolution. the antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer – plus the fact that both are made with boiled water – allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters withous succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the skepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.

Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. People suggested four possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around? Unlikely. Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small grains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century. The only option left is food. But the height and weight statistics show a decline. So the food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’

List of headings

The search for the reason for an increase in population
The time and place of The Industrial Revolution
The cases of Holland, France and China
Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer
Two keys to Britain’s Industrial Revolution
Industrialization and the fear of unemployment
Conditions required for Industrial Revolution

 CÁC BƯỚC LÀM BÀI CHI TIẾT:

1. Đọc các tiêu đề và tìm từ khóa

Ví dụ

- Tiêu đề i: reason, increase in population
- Tiêu đề ii: time and place
- Tiêu đề iii: Holland, France, China
- Tiêu đề iv: Japan
- Tiêu đề v: two keys, Britain
- Tiêu đề vi: unemployment
- Tiêu đề vii: conditions required

Cụm “Industrial Revolution” không cần chú ý vì nó là nội dung chính được nhắc đi nhắc lại từ đầu đến cuối bài.

2. Tìm câu chủ đề hoặc đọc lướt các đoạn để nắm được nội dung chính Ví dụ:

- Ở đoạn B, ý chính có thể tìm được ở câu thứ 2, cũng là câu chủ đề của đoạn, “There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen”. Các câu tiếp theo đóng vai trò khai triển cụ thể các yếu tố và các nước như England, Japan, Netherlands, Holland và China được đưa vào ở phần cuối đoạn như các dẫn chứng minh họa.
- Ở đoạn D, câu thứ 3 của đoạn đóng vai trò như câu nêu lên chủ đề chính cho cả đoạn (câu chủ đề vị trí giữa đoạn), đứng sau cụm “but then”, “But then there was a burst in population growth”. Cho nên đoạn này sẽ tập trung miêu tả giải thích các nguyên nhân dẫn đến việc tăng dân số (khi kết hợp thêm với từ “explanation” ở câu 2). Các câu còn lại của cả đoạn đóng vai trò phân tích cụ thể các nguyên nhân.

3. Dự đoán/xác định các từ đồng nghĩa hoặc mang nghĩa tương đương giữa các tiêu đề và câu chủ đề ở các đoạn và chọn đáp án

Ví dụ

- Ở đoạn A có 2 câu hỏi với “Why”. Câu hỏi thứ nhất đề cập đến “happen in Britain” chỉ yếu tố nơi chốn, tương ứng với “where” . Câu hỏi thứ hai đề cập “ at the end of the 18th century” chỉ yếu tố thời gian, tương ứng với” when”

 Đoạn A sẽ tương ứng với heading ii
- Ở đoạn B, trong câu chủ đề (câu thứ 2) có cụm “ factors...need to be present...” tương ứng với

“conditioned required” trong tiêu đề

 Đoạn B sẽ tương ứng với heading vii

- Ở đoạn C, trong câu chủ đề ( câu thứ 2) có cụm “ tea and beer, two of the...” tương ứng với “two keys” trong tiêu đề

 Đoạn C sẽ tương ứng với heading v
- Ở đoạn D, trong câu chủ đề có ‘population growth” kết hợp với từ “explanation” trong câu trước

đó, tương ứng với “reason” và “population growth” trong tiêu đề

 Đoạn D sẽ tương ứng với heading i

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